Catalog of Herbs
James A. Duke in Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
An oil in the subepidermal layers of the root contains acetic, formic and valeric acids, borneol, bornyl formate, bornyl acetate, bornyl butyrate, bornyl isovalerianate, camphene, pinene, and two alkaloids called chatinine and valerianine.16 The important active compounds are iridoid compounds called valepotriates (valtrate, valtrate isovaleroxyhydrin, acevaltrate, valechlorine, etc.), didrovaltrates (didrovaltrate, homodidrovaltrate, deoxydodidrovaltrate, homodeoxydodidrovaltrate, isovaleroxyhydroxydidrovaltrate, etc.), and isovaltrates (iso-valtrate, 7-epideacetylisovaltrate, etc.); valtrate and didrovaltrate are the major valepotriates. Also, contains valerosidatum (an iridoid ester glycoside) and a volatile oil (0.5 to 2%) containing, e.g., bornyl acetate and isovalerate (major compounds), caryophyllene, alpha-and beta-pinenes, valeranone, beta-ionone, eugenyl isovalerate, isoeugenyl isovalerate, patchouli alcohol, valerianol, borneol, camphene, beta-bisabolene, ledol, isovaleric acid, terpinolene, etc. Valerian also contains the alkaloids actinidine, valerianine, valerine, chatinine, etc. Other constituents include choline (circa 3%), methyl 2-pyrrolyl ketone, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid; beta-sitosterol; tannins; gums; etc.29 One anonymous writer describes valeric acid as a very potent tranquilizer.51 Dry seeds contain 19.4 to 19.9% protein and 30.0 to 34.4% fat.21
Monitoring ovarian response in assisted reproduction (in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
David K. Gardner, Ariel Weissman, Colin M. Howles, Zeev Shoham in Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, 2017
In women with irregular cycles and in those with polycystic ovary syndrome, there is usually no spontaneous ovulation. Endometrial preparation can then be performed by hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). The most common stimulation is with estradiol valerate 6 mg/ day starting on cycle day 1 (22). Ultrasound is scheduled for between treatment days 10 and 14. When the endometrium has reached a thickness of at least 9 mm and displays a triple-line pattern, micronized progesterone is given intravaginally two to three times a day and the time of transfer can be determined. Occasionally, a higher dosage of estradiol valerate may be required. In anovulatory women, alternative ways to stimulate ovulation and endometrial receptivity can be applied, such as stimulation by a low dose of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), by letrozole, or by clomiphene citrate. However, these cycles often require more monitoring than the HRT cycle.
Recent Reports on Ethnopharmacological and Ethnobotanical Studies of Valeriana carnosa Sm. (Valerianaceae)
José L. Martinez, Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, Mahendra Rai in Ethnobotany, 2019
For anxiolytic purposes, since ancestral times, extracts of rhizomes and roots of the Eurasian species V. officinalis L. have been used worldwide. Roots of V. officinalis are used for treatment of anxiety and mild sleep disorders. Studies indicate that flavonoids in this species have sedative activity in the central nervous system (Marder et al. 2003, Fernández et al. 2004, 2005, 2006, Lacher et al. 2007). Others authors suggests that biochemical composition and active constituents in Valeriana are valepotriates (Backlund and Moritz 1998), valeric acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid (Hallam et al. 2003, Nam et al. 2013). Besides, pre-clinical studies reported the antidepressant-like activity of V. officinalis (Hattesohl et al. 2008), V. jatamansi Jones (Subhan et al. 2010, Sah et al. 2011), V. glechomifolia Mey. (Müller et al. 2012) and V. prionophylla (Holzmann et al. 2011).
Alterations in microbiota and their metabolites are associated with beneficial effects of bile acid sequestrant on icteric primary biliary Cholangitis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Bo Li, Jun Zhang, Yong Chen, Qixia Wang, Li Yan, Rui Wang, Yiran Wei, Zhengrui You, Yikang Li, Qi Miao, Xiao Xiao, Min Lian, Weihua Chen, Dekai Qiu, Jingyuan Fang, M. Eric Gershwin, Ruqi Tang, Xiong Ma
It was suggested that subtle changes in microbial community were able to shift its function profoundly.31 As microbial metabolites were regarded as readouts of their function, we further performed targeted metabonomic profiling of microbiota-derived metabolites. Interestingly, SCFAs including valeric acid and caproic acid were increased in SR group. Similar to butyric acid, valeric acids and caproic acids also provide energy for intestinal epithelium and exert anti-inflammtory effects in intestinal and systemic immune diseases.32–34 It has been recently reported that valerate provides protection against colitis and multiple sclerosis via promoting Breg differentiation and meanwhile suppressing Th17 cells.32 In accordance with our study, it has been reported in animal models of high-fat diet that administration of cholestyramine could increase the fecal and cecal contents of SCFAs.35–37 The benefits were further abrogated in germ-free or antibiotic-treated mice, supporting the implication of gut microbiota in the clinical phenotypes conferred by the resin.
Further evidence that a supraphysiologic estradiol level during ovarian stimulation affects birthweight: findings of fresh and frozen embryo transfer with comparable estradiol levels on human chorionic gonadotropin trigger
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Lu Luo, Huiying Jie, Minghui Chen, Limei Zhang, Yanwen Xu
For FET cycles, endometrium was prepared with natural cycles or hormone replacement cycles. For natural cycles, embryos were transferred on the third (for D3 embryos) or fifth (for blastocysts) day after ovulation. Hormone replacement therapy for hormone replacement cycles was initiated on days 3–5 of a spontaneous menstrual cycle or 3–5 days after progesterone withdrawal bleeding. The initial dose of estradiol valerate was 2 mg twice per day. Vaginal ultrasound and hormone assays were performed to adjust the dosage. If the endometrial thickness reached 8 mm and the serum E2 level reached 100 pg/mL, oral E2 was continued and an intramuscular injection of 40 mg progesterone was given for two days, followed by 60 mg for the following 15 days. Embryos were transferred on the fourth or sixth day of progesterone treatment. Pregnancy tests were conducted 12 days after ET. Clinical pregnancy was defined as intrauterine gestational sac observed at 7 weeks of gestation.
Correlation between different endometrial preparation protocols and pregnancy outcome of frozen embryo transfer in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a retrospective study
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Yu Pan, Feng Li, Chun-Xia Yang, Yan Sun, Chen-Wang Zhang, Shen-Min Zhang, Tong-Min Xue
In the HRT group, routine vaginal ultrasonography and basic sex hormone tests were performed on the 2nd to 3rd day of the menstrual cycle. Estradiol valerate tablets (manufacturer: Bayer HealthCare Co., Ltd. Guangzhou Branch, China; NMPA approval number: J20130009; strength: 1 mg) were given orally at 2–3 mg/time, twice daily. The dosage was adjusted according to endometrial thickness, with a maximum dose of 4 mg. When estradiol valerate tablets were orally administered for > 10 days and endometrial thickness was > 7 mm, dydrogesterone tablets (manufacturer: Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Netherlands; approval number: JX20010415; strength: 10 mg) were added (20 mg/time orally, once daily) combined with 8% progesterone vaginal sustained-release gel (manufacturer: Merck Serono Limited; approval number: H20140552; strength: 90 mg) (90 mg vaginally, once daily) for endometrial transformation. Cleavage-stage embryos were transferred 4 days later, and medication for luteal support was continued until 10 weeks after pregnancy and gradually reduced.
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