Use of Critically Important Antimicrobials in Food Production
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Many classes of antibiotics used in food animals are the same as used in people. This includes groups classified as “critically important” for human use by the WHO (WHO, 2011; WHO, 2013; Collignon et al., 2009). Although many antibiotics can be the same as those used in humans (e.g. ampicillin), others are in the same class but are not used in people. These agents often have unfamiliar names to medical workers but nevertheless are from similar drug classes as agents used in human health. For example, ceftiofur is a commonly used third-generation cephalosporin in animal production but in fact is very similar to ceftriaxone (see Chapter 27, Ceftriaxone). Similarly, tylosin is a high-volume usage macrolide administered only in animals, and avoparcin is a glycopeptide similar to vancomycin (see Chapter 43, Vancomycin), which was used as an animal growth promoter.
Mass Spectrometric Analysis
Adorjan Aszalos in Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The mycinamicins are a new family of macrolide antibiotics whose structures have been elucidated with the help of CI mass spectrometry [174,175]. These spectra exhibit ions that provide the molecular weight, the mass of the two carbohydrate groups, and the aglycones for each of the five main components. Two minor components, mycinamicins VI and VII, have similarly been identified [176]. A new compound, 23-O-mycinosyl-12,13-desepoxy-12,13-didehydrorosaramicin, was identified with the aid of molecular and fragment ions from EI spectra [177]. This highly active compound was mutasynthesized by the microbiological transformation of tylosin.
Impact of Probiotics on Animal Health
Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani in Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Also in Denmark, the prevalence of VRE in pigs persisted for three years after the ban of avoparcin, until growth promoter tylosin (a macrolide) was prohibited. The ban on tylosin was related to a reduction in the prevalence of VRE in pigs. The genetic characterization of VRE isolated from these animals revealed the presence of plasmids encoding resistance to glycopeptides and macrolides, suggesting that the resistance to vancomycin could have been a consequence of using tylosin after the avoparcin prohibition (Hasman and Aarestrup 2005).
Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria deliberately introduced into the agro-food chain do not significantly increase the antimicrobial resistance gene pool
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Vita Rozman, Petra Mohar Lorbeg, Primož Treven, Tomaž Accetto, Majda Golob, Irena Zdovc, Bojana Bogovič Matijašić
The broth microdilution method and precoated microtiter plates VetMIC Lact-1 (Statens Veterinärmedicinska Anstalt, Sweden) were used to determine the MICs of clinically relevant antimicrobials (gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, neomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, vancomycin, tylosin)3 for 371 strains according to the standard ISO 10932.59 Tylosin, vancomycin, and ampicillin plates were prepared manually. MICs were read visually after plates were incubated anaerobically using the GenBox system (BioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) for 48 h (bifidobacteria for 72 h) at temperatures indicated in Supplementary Table S6. Enterococci and staphylococci were incubated for 24 h under aerobic conditions. Strains were classified as resistant or susceptible according to the defined epidemiological cutoff values (ECOFFs) .3 The quality of phenotypic susceptibility testing was controlled using the reference strains Lacticaseibacillus paracasei ATCC 334, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 14917, Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707, Lactococcus lactis ATCC, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, and E. faecalis ATCC 51299.
Interactions between host and gut microbiota in domestic pigs: a review
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Yadnyavalkya Patil, Ravi Gooneratne, Xiang-Hong Ju
Pig feed and water on commercial farms are often supplemented with antibiotics to combat bacterial infections or promote growth. Although administration of antibiotics promote piglet growth, it has a negative effect on the commensal bacterial population as it often leads to increased proportions of pathogenic species that function to inhibit the normal intestinal function.122 Specifically, antibiotics such as penicillin, tylosin, sulfamethazine, and chlortetracycline have been shown to affect the composition of the gut microbiome in growing pigs.24,25,27,123 Moreover, simultaneous administration of multiple antibiotics, namely, chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, and penicillin (ASP250), served to markedly increased the proportion of E. coli in the lumen and mucosa of the ileum compared to other gut compartments and feces in pigs.25 Many of the functional changes within the metagenome were also attributed to an increase in E. coli.25 Additionally, a decrease in the number of LAB Streptococcus organisms, and a simultaneous increase in Proteobacteria, specifically in the Escherichia population, was observed following administration of ASP250 antibiotics to weaned piglets.27,124 An additional study reported that short-term administration of low-dose antibiotics in feed caused an increase in the abundance and diversity of antibiotic-resistance genes specific for antibiotics that the animals had not previously been exposed to.29
The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobioticresistance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Diana Dimunová, Petra Matoušková, Radka Podlipná, Iva Boušová, Lenka Skálová
Glycosyltransferase Bs-YjiC from Bacillus subtilis with UDP-Glc as the sugar donor has exhibited robust capabilities of glycosylating 19 structurally diverse types of drug-like scaffolds with regio- and stereospecificities as well as forming O-, N-, and S-linkage glycosides (Dai et al. 2017). Conversion of 2-heptyl-1-hydroxyquinolin-4-one (HQNO), a potent respiratory inhibitor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to the less toxic 2-heptyl-1-(beta-D-glucopyranosydyl)-quinolin-4-one, was recently demonstrated for B. subtilis strain 168. All three of the (putative) UDP-glycosyltransferases of B. subtilis 168 tested, YjiC, YdhE, and YojK, were capable of HQNO glucosylation, with YjiC showing the highest turnover rate. All three enzymes predominantly utilized UDP-glucose, although YdhE was similarly active with TDP-glucose (thymidine diphosphate glucose). Among the aglycones tested, HQNO was the preferred substrate, but they also showed activities toward 2-heptyl-3-hydroxyquinolin-4(1H)-one (the Pseudomonas quinolone signal) and 2,4-dihydroxyquinoline, the plant derived antimicrobials vanillin and quercetin as well as the macrolide antibiotic tylosin A. These results underscore the promiscuity and substrate flexibility of YjiC, YdhE, and YojK, and suggest a physiological role in the natural toxin resistance of B. subtilis (Thierbac et al. 2020). B. subtilis was also found to biotransform ganoderic acid A (GAA), a lanostane triterpenoid from the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Two UGT genes, BsUGT398 and BsUGT489, were identified as forming GAA-O-glucosides (Chang et al. 2018).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Antibiotic
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- Gram-Negative Bacteria
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- Prokaryotic Large Ribosomal Subunit
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