Catalog of Herbs
James A. Duke in Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Leaves yield circa 0.3% of a balsam-scented oil compared to about 0.4% for longleaf pine. This leaf oil consists mostly of borneol, cadinene, camphene, and beta-pinene. The natural oleoresin exudate from the resin ducts contains circa 66% resin acids, 25% turpentine, 7% nonvolatiles, and 2% water. Turpentine from slash pine contains I-α-pinene, while that from longleaf contains some i/-pinene. Pinene is the main constituent of turpentine. Dipentene and other monocyclic terpenes constitute 5 to 8% of gum and refined sulfate turpentine, 15 to 20% of wood and crude sulfate turpentine. Camphene constitutes 4 to 8% of wood turpentine, and 0% of gum turpentine. Rosin consists mostly of diterpene resin acids of the abietic (abietic, neoabietic, palustric, and dehydroabietic) and pimaric types (pimaric, iso-pimaric, and sanaracopimaric). Pine tar contains turpentine, resin, guaiacol, creosol, meth-ylcreosol, phenol, phlorol, toluene, xylene, etc. Crude tall oil contains 40 to 60% resin acids, 40 to 55% fatty acids (mostly n-C18, 75% monoenoic, and 25% dienoic, with traces of trienolic and saturates), and 5 to 10% neutral properties.17
Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Turpentine oil (often simply called ‘turpentine’) is obtained by steam-distillation of the oleoresin of Pinus pinaster Aiton (Iberian turpentine oil), Pinus massoniana Lamb. (Chinese turpentine oil) and other Pinus species. What is left after distillation (the non-volatile residue) is called rosin (colophony, colophonium). Oil of turpentine formerly was widely used as paint-thinner and for cleaning paints brushes, but this application has largely been abandoned and has been replaced with other solvents. Turpentine oil is an ingredient in many liniments, cold remedies, and veterinary medications. It may also be used in topical NSAID pharmaceutical preparations.
Terpenes and Terpenoids
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Short-term exposure: Overexposure to turpentine may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, lungs, and skin. It may also cause headache, dizziness, and painful, urination or dark red urine. Greater exposure may cause unconsciousness and death.Long-term exposure: Prolonged overexposure causes skin irritation. Skin sensitization can occur.
Metabolic conversion of β-pinene to β-ionone in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Lujain Aloum, Mohammad H. Semreen, Taleb H. Al-Tel, Hamza Al-Hroub, Muath Mousa, Richard L. Jayaraj, Eman Alefishat, Abdu Adem, Georg A Petroianu
We demonstrated for the first time that β-pinene, one of the most volatile constituents of turpentine, is partially converted to β-ionone, which is then excreted in urine. The formation of monocyclic derivatives from bicyclic terpenoids (β-pinene) was first proposed by Hämäläinen in 1912 (Hämäläinen 1912). β-pinene has been reported to be a key intermediate in the synthesis of ionones for commercial usage (Vespermann et al. 2017). Interestingly, a recent study revealed that all human subjects exposed to oral α-pinene reported a unique aromatic odour of their exhaled breath, which disappeared 2–3 hours post exposure (Schmidt and Göen 2017). We suggest that most likely this aroma odour is due to pinene conversion to ionone followed by lung elimination. This is in parallel, with studies that reported that most of the metabolites of essential oil components are excreted via either the exhaled air or kidneys (Kohlert et al. 2000).
The effect of elevated α1-acid glycoprotein on the pharmacokinetics of TAK-272 (SCO-272), an orally active renin inhibitor, in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Takuya Ebihara, Hisao Shimizu, Masami Yamamoto, Tomoaki Higuchi, Fumihiro Jinno, Yoshihiko Tagawa
After oral administration of TAK-272 in rats, the absorbed TAK-272 was distributed well throughout the body, and was mainly eliminated by the hepatic metabolism (Ebihara et al., 2018). Rats would be suitable models for humans to investigate the effects of AGP binding on TAK-272 pharmacokinetics, when TAK-272 primarily binds to AGP in the plasma of rats as well as humans. Turpentine oil treatment is a convenient method of elevating plasma AGP levels, because the oil induces regional inflammation and has minimum systemic impact (Belpaire et al., 1986; Murai-Kushiya et al., 1993). The effect of turpentine oil treatment on drug disposition has been reported for several basic drugs. The pharmacokinetics of TAK-272 in the rat model will provide useful information for TAK-272 clinical trials. The observations in rats with elevated plasma AGP will allow qualitative extrapolation from the animal model to patients, which could practically and theoretically explain the pharmacokinetic changes in unbound and total plasma concentrations via changes in plasma AGP levels.
A review of toxic effects of electronic cigarettes/vaping in adolescents and young adults
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Daniel L. Overbeek, Alexandra P. Kass, Laura E. Chiel, Edward W. Boyer, Alicia M. H. Casey
Over 7000 e-liquid flavoring agents are commercially available, and flavoring mixtures often comprise proprietary blends of chemicals with uncertain toxicologic profiles (Allen et al. 2016). Diacetyl (2,3-butanediol) which has been used in the food flavorings industry and in e-liquids due to its buttery flavor and favorable chemical properties has been associated with bronchiolitis obliterans in an occupational outbreak among microwave popcorn workers (Kreiss et al. 2002). Terpenes, another category of flavoring chemicals often used in e-liquid, are naturally occurring aromatic oil derivatives of isoprene (Varlet et al. 2015; Meehan-Atrash et al. 2017). The available data on the toxicity of terpenes when inhaled are minimal and generally limited to turpentine, which is a combination of different terpene components and has been associated with lung necrosis in pediatric patients (Khan et al. 2006). There is also concern regarding the production of toxic aldehydes including acrolein, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde during the heating of the e-liquid, but the clinical importance of this is not yet known (Khlystov and Samburova 2016).