Candida spp.
Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro in Pocket Guide to Mycological Diagnosis, 2019
Azole derivatives are the most widely used group of antifungal drugs worldwide. Ketoconazole and triazole derivatives—fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and others—are the clinical representatives of this class of drugs. These drugs are synthetic compounds that act by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the main sterol of the fungal membrane. This inhibition is due to the enzymatic blockade of lanosterol-14-α-demethylase, which converts lanosterol to ergosterol. In C. albicans strains, this enzyme is encoded by the ERG11 gene (Akins, 2005). Therefore, by inhibiting this conversion process, these drugs cause structural fragility of the microorganism and accumulation of toxic precursors to the fungus, killing the pathogen (Morschhauser et al., 2007).
Pharmacology of azole antifungal agents
Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect in Antifungal Therapy, 2019
The key structural component of all members of the azole class is the 5-membered azole ring (Figure 12.1). The imidazoles contain 2 nitrogen atoms in this ring, while the triazoles incorporate a third nitrogen into this structure. Many triazoles are derived from earlier members of the imidazole class such as itraconazole and posaconazole, which are structurally similar to the long lipophilic molecule—ketoconazole. This is in contrast to fluconazole that is less lipophilic and has a smaller molecular size that is more akin to the structures of clotrimazole and similarly appearing imidazoles. Although more lipophilic than fluconazole, voriconazole most closely resembles the structure of fluconazole [1]. The newest azole antifungal, isavuconazole, is most structurally similar to voriconazole [2].
Radiochemistry for Preclinical Imaging Studies
George C. Kagadis, Nancy L. Ford, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, George K. Loudos in Handbook of Small Animal Imaging, 2018
99mTc-sestamibi with its isonitrile ligands belongs to the class of organometallic compounds. More recently carbonyl ligands have been employed as well. For this, pertechnetate is reduced by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in the presence of CO (Alberto et al. 1998) or boranocarbonate Na2H3BCO2 is used as a combination of reducing agent and in situ source of CO (Alberto et al. 2001). This gives the intermediate complex fac-[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ (fac for facial isomer). The three carbonyl ligands coordinate strongly with the TcI center, which provides higher kinetical stability than technetium in other oxidation states. The three weakly bound water molecules easily undergo ligand exchange, for example, with a tridentate chelator such as histidine or cysteine (Alberto et al. 2004b). Each of these amino acids can also act as bidentate chelator if they are the terminal residue of a peptide. The first of many examples for this type of compounds involves a bidentate chelator and a single chloride ligand (Alberto et al. 1999) but tridentate chelators provide generally more stable complexes (Kluba and Mindt 2013). Also, click-chemistry-based synthetic routes have been explored more recently, for example, coupling chelator and targeting domain equipped with alkyne and azido functions into a triazole (Carroll et al. 2012).
Click chemistry approaches for developing carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their applications
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Andrea Angeli, Claudiu T. Supuran
Click chemistry is a useful tool to bioconjugate different pharmacophores in a single scaffold trough a stable linker, such as the 1,2,3-triazole ring. One of the first studies to employ this approach was reported by Poulsen’s group for the development of novel 4-aminoquinolines bearing benzensulfonamide moiety, as potential antimalarial hybrids48. Indeed, the inhibition of CA from Plasmodium falciparum, the protozoa that causes malaria, with primary sulphonamide showed antimalarial activity49. For this reason, the authors merged two antimalarial pharmacophores, the 4-aminoquinolines scaffold and the primary benzene sulphonamide, by using the CuAAC reaction, generating hybrid compounds that showed improved antimalarial activity, stability, and/or solubility compared to the single pharmacophores (Figure 6).
Bromuconazole fungicide induces cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death in cultured human colon carcinoma cells (HCT116) via oxidative stress process
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Karima Rjiba-Touati, Imen Ayed-Boussema, Hiba Hamdi, Awatef Azzebi, Salwa Abid
Among the most widely used and harmful fungicides are fungicide of the triazole family. Their characteristics such as photochemical stability, low biodegradation and high bioaccumulation in the environment increase their persistence in soil, and subsequently the risk of exposure to these fungicides due to their possible transport to food chain (EFSA 2010; Sharma et al. 2017). Various studies have shown that chronic exposure to triazoles could cause various diseases in humans and animals: disorders of the reproductive system leading to morphological changes in spermatozoa, reduction of implantation sites and infertility. Triazoles also cause nervous system dysfunction through disruption of neurobehavioral and developmental functions; immune system disorders. They can even induce cancer (Menegola et al. 2006; EPA, 2006; Zhuang et al. 2015).
Genetic functional algorithm model, docking studies and in silico design of novel proposed compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Shola Elijah Adeniji
Triazole compounds are the subject of many research studies due to its structural entities and their widespread potential in medicinal applications [2,6]. Triazole and its analogue among all other heterocyclic compounds are being considered in pharmacological fields due to its unique structure and properties [3,6]. Triazole is a five membered ring heterocyclic diunsaturated compound composed of two carbon atoms at and three nitrogen atoms non adjacent positions respectively. Recent researches have shown that triazole nucleus has gained huge attention among pharmacist, biochemist, biologist and chemists as it’s one of the major bioactive molecules in pharmaceuticals particularly in drug design and chemotherapeutical [7]. Triazole has been reported to show substantial and extensive kind of pharmacological activities such as analgesic and antitubercular [8,9], anti-neoplastic [10] and anti-malarial [11]. It is also reported as the most efficient molecules toward anti-TB activity [12].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Amide
- Click Chemistry
- Green Chemistry
- Imide
- Chemical Formula
- Half Sandwich Compound
- 1,2,3-Triazole
- 1,2,4-Triazole
- Hydrazide
- Hydrazines