Cardiovascular Drugs during Pregnancy
“Bert” Bertis Britt Little in Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Triamterene (Dyrenium) is another potassium-sparing diuretic. Of 271 pregnant women included in the Collaborative Perinatal Project who were treated with this diuretic (Heinonen et al., 1977), only a few received this diuretic in the first months of pregnancy. The frequency of congenital malformations was not increased in the offspring of these women; neither was the frequency of malformations increased in the offspring of animals who received triamterene (Ellison and Maren, 1972). Triamterene was not included in the Swedish Birth Defects Registry (Kallen, 2019). Notably, triamterene is a folic acid antagonist, and may require supplementation.
Tubular Function
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Potassium secretion by the principal cells is increased by increased tubular fluid flow to the cortical collecting duct. Most diuretics increase the flow of tubular fluid to the cortical collecting duct and increase potassium excretion. Thus, thiazides and loop diuretics can produce severe potassium depletion. The aldosterone antagonists and triamterene and amiloride have specific effects on sodium excretion in the collecting ducts and do not increase urinary potassium loss.
Renal physiology
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2015
Potassium secretion by the principal cells is increased by increased tubular fluid flow to the cortical collecting duct. Most diuretics increase the flow of tubular fluid to the cortical collecting duct and increase potassium excretion. Thus, thiazides and loop diuretics can produce severe potassium depletion. The aldosterone antagonists and triamterene and amiloride have specific effects on sodium excretion in the collecting ducts and do not increase urinary potassium loss.
Slicing parameter optimization for 3D printing of biodegradable drug-eluting tracheal stents
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Tim Feuerbach, Stefanie Kock, Markus Thommes
Medical grade PLGA was generously provided by Evonik (Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany). Resomer® RG 858 S is an amorphous biodegradable PLGA with a monomer ratio of 85 mol% d,l-lactide and 15 mol% glycolide and has a degradation timeframe of up to 9 months (Evonik 2019). PLGAs are well-established copolymers for implantable drug-delivery systems and are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (Makadia and Siegel 2011; Sequeira et al. 2018). Since only small quantities were available for the Resomer® RG 858 S material, non-medical grade PLA filament (PLA175B1, Velleman, Gavere, Belgium) was used as received to develop and validate the slicing parameter optimization. The material is not suitable for medical or pharmaceutical applications, but it served as an established model material to set up the experimental methodology (Feuerbach et al. 2019). Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic, which served as a model drug (McKittrick et al. 2016) due to its low aqueous solubility comparable to relevant drugs applied via stents, such as sirolimus and paclitaxel (Pruessmann et al. 2019). Triamterene was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fisher Scientific GmbH, Schwerte, Germany) and was used as received. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with a pH of 7.4 was prepared according to Ph. Eur. (EDQM 2019a).
Effect of mechanochemical inclusion of triamterene into sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin and its improved dissolution behavior
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Hideko Maeda, Ryoma Shiobara, Masafumi Tanaka, Akihiko Kajinami, Hirokazu Nakayama
Triamterene [TT; Figure 1(a)] is a mild potassium-sparing diuretic used to treat essential hypertension; however, it has poor solubility in water, organic acids, and inorganic acids [1–3]. The bioavailability of TT in normal subjects following oral administration has been reported to be 30–70%, with wide variation between individuals [4]. Poor solubility in water represents a significant bottleneck in drug delivery and drug development [5–7]. More than 40% of drug candidate compounds have poor solubility in water and that could be a major factor limiting drug bioavailability [8]. Biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) for TT is classified as class II. For drugs of BCS class II have low water solubility and high permeability. Therefore, increasing their aqueous solubility can allow to increase their oral bioavailability. Many approaches, such as salt, co-crystal, and solid dispersion formation [9–13]; prodrug strategy [14,15]; and grinding technique [16,17] have been investigated to improve drug solubility. For example, grinding is often used to reduce the particle size of powders to increase the bioavailability of drugs with poor water solubility. This is because the particle size and physicochemical properties of powdered drugs affect their dissolution rate. This method is simple and easy to perform.
Pharmacological management of hypertension in the elderly and frail populations
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Ashish Correa, Yogita Rochlani, Mohammed Hassan Khan, Wilbert S. Aronow
Potassium-sparing diuretics include sodium transport channel antagonists (triamterene and amiloride) and mineralocorticoid antagonists (spironolactone and eplerenone). Mineralocorticoid antagonists have a potent antihypertensive effect. They are useful in managing hypertension secondary to primary hyperaldosteronism. Additionally, they are effective in the setting of HF. Recent evidence from the Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension With Algorithm-based therapy 2 (PATHWAY-2) trial supports their utility in managing resistant hypertension [77]. As with all patients, care should be taken to monitor for electrolyte disturbances in elderly patients on such medications. Gynecomastia is another side effect that can occur in male patients. Triamterene and amiloride are weak antihypertensives and are only effective when used concomitantly with other diuretics.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Adverse Drug Reaction
- Calcium
- Edema
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Sodium
- Thiazide
- Hypertension
- Potassium-Sparing Diuretic
- Hydrochlorothiazide/Triamterene
- Folate