New Market Opportunities for Australian Indigenous Food Plants
Yasmina Sultanbawa, Fazal Sultanbawa in Australian Native Plants, 2017
One particular sugar that has only recently entered the food industry as a (good) sugar is trehalose. This non-reducing, di-glucose sugar has a host of seemingly ‘magic’ properties (Cherikoff, 2015), the most functional being the ability to preserve proteins and lipids from damage in a number of situations. The most obvious and the phenomenon that led to the common name of Resurrection Sugar is the water-holding capacity of this uniquely structured disaccharide. As a plant rich in trehalose desiccates, the trehalose forms a glass (a gel) of a sugar and water matrix which protects surrounding structural proteins and lipids. On rehydration, the plant is able to recommence photosynthesis often within 48 hours imparting a significant evolutionary advantage for a dryland plant species.
Equine Semen Preservation: Current and Future Trends
Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué in Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Several factors influence the lyophilization process and produce different sperm damage. One of them is the drying conditions during the lyophilization process (Hara et al., 2014). The interaction between temperature, vacuum pressure, and drying period regulates the kinetics and the degree of dehydration, which have a great impact on the sperm (Kawase et al., 2007). Lyophilized sperm preservation for a long period of time is essential to protect DNA from physical damage caused by the action of endogenous endonucleases during storage (Kaneko and Serikawa, 2012). Chelating agents, such as EDTA, are necessary. 1,2,2-diamino 2,2’, 2", 2"-tetraacetic) or ethylene glycol-bis (2-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N’N’-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) are incorporated in the lyophilization solution to prevent sperm DNA fragmentation (Kaneko and Nakagata, 2006). Olaciregui et al., (2016) determined that the presence of EGTA in the lyophilization media provided a protective effect on the DNA sperm than the presence of EDTA. Sugars have been studied as components of the lyophilization medium. Trehalose, a nonreducing disaccharide, plays an important role in the prevention of membrane alterations in cellular dehydration. The incorporation of treha-lose to the lyophilization medium maintains the integrity of the DNA after the lyophilization process (McGinnis et al., 2005).
Engineering Stable Spray-Dried Biologic Powder for Inhalation
Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha in Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Usually, a major stress on biologics during spray drying is desiccation, which can be addressed by adding a suitable glass stabilizer to the formulation. While many sugars can be used for glass stabilization, those that participate in the Maillard reaction (such as lactose) should be avoided [36]. Trehalose is an excellent glass former and stabilizer and does not participate in the Maillard reaction, although it is not yet approved for inhalation. For reconstitution purposes, it may be important to consider that solution viscosity increases with dissolved trehalose concentration [166], and that high viscosity would result in the need for larger needles which are more painful [38]. Generally, better stabilization is achieved with trehalose than with sucrose [166]. Glass stabilization with trehalose is discussed further later in this chapter.
Batten disease: an expert update on agents in preclinical and clinical trials
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2020
Margaux C. Masten, Jonathan W. Mink, Erika F. Augustine
Trehalose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules. Studies have shown that trehalose, an activator of Transcription-Factor EB (TFEB), reduces the buildup of lipofuscin in both cell and mouse models [6]. The enzyme trehalase lyses trehalose in the small intestine, so one barrier to using trehalose therapeutically is that it cannot be administered enterally. Pre-clinical studies are being conducted to evaluate intravenous delivery of trehalose along with oral delivery of miglustat which inhibits trehalase [7]. Beyond Batten Disease Foundation (https://beyondbatten.org/research/bbdf101/, 7/12/2020) and Theranexus Inc (https://www.theranexus.com/en/platform-and-products/drug-candidates.html, 7/12/2020) have partnered to develop a clinical trial of trehalose in combination with miglustat (BBDF-101) for CLN3 disease.
Trehalose attenuates spinal cord injury through the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation and GFAP expression in rats
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
Mahdieh Nazari-Robati, Mahboobe Akbari, Mohammad Khaksari, Moghaddameh Mirzaee
Trehalose is a natural disaccharide found in many organisms such as fungi, invertebrates and plants. It accumulates considerably during various stresses in these species to protect the integrity of cells against damages.10 Trehalose has also been described as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agent, autophagy enhancer and chemical chaperone.13,26,27 Furthermore, trehalose stabilizes cell membranes against reactive oxygen species (ROS).28 In addition, trehalose is used as an additive to protect proteins and other biological macromolecules at high temperature. We recently used trehalose to increase thermal stability of the enzyme cABC. Notably, the highest protection was found to be at 1 M trehalose.29 Furthermore, another study showed that delivery of combined cABC and 1 M trehalose to traumatic spinal cord leads to an improvement in functional recovery following SCI.15 Therefore, 1 M trehalose was used in this study.
Concomitant changes in radiation resistance and trehalose levels during life stages of Drosophila melanogaster suggest radio-protective function of trehalose
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2018
Jagdish Gopal Paithankar, Shamprasad Varija Raghu, Rajashekhar K. Patil
The mode of action of high energy IR is established to be through direct damage to biomolecules including DNA or indirectly through the generation of ROS. The fact is that damaged DNA needs the services of intact proteome for its repair; this shifts the spotlight from DNA to proteins. IR produces free radicals, and these free radicals can be scavenged by antioxidants to neutralize their effect. Free radicals can damage proteins to yield PCs which are rendered non-functional and ultimately eliminated. A level of PCs is a marker of oxidative stress and the extent of damage caused by free radicals. Trehalose has been shown to have a protective role to retain the functional status of proteins and antioxidants. Proteins and antioxidants protected by trehalose help to counter the deleterious effect of IR. High levels of trehalose in NFTI larvae appear to protect the genome by protecting its proteome during this stage and may be the reason for high radiation resistance of this stage. The strong negative correlation between trehalose concentration and PC formation suggests that the stages with a low level of trehalose are prone to proteome damage on exposure to IR and are radiosensitive. On the other hand, stages with high trehalose level showed protected proteome and high radiation resistance. Trehalose thus appears to emerge as a significant molecule in future investigations in radio-protection and in designing new radiation protection protocols (Figure 8).