Inhalational Durg Abuse
Jacob Loke in Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Hepatorenal damage has been reported in a glue sniffer (O’Brien et a]., 1971) and similar findings are seen in sniffers of trichloroethylene solvent (Baerg and Kimberg, 1970). Inhalation of toluene can produce euphoria, headache, nausea and dizziness, and, at higher concentrations, there are signs of ataxia and intention tremor (Benignus, 1981). In monkeys, brief inhalation of toluene resulted in impairment of cognitive and motor abilities (Taylor and Evans, 1985). Cerebellar, cortical, and functional impairment have been shown in toluene abusers (Fornazzari et al., 1983) and schizophreniform psychosis has been associated with chronic industrial toluene exposure (Goldbloom and Chouinard, 1985). Volatile substances of toluene or methylene chloride can be identified in blood samples by flame ionization gas chromatography (Garriott and Petty, 1980).
Novel psychoactive substances and inhalants
Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros in Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Toluene has emerged in the literature as a particularly neurotoxic substance and it has been associated with permanent neurological damage in some people following prolonged exposure (Filley et al., 2004). The mechanism is probably related to the action of lipophilic toluene on lipid-rich myelin and neuronal membranes. Persistent cerebellar damage related to glue sniffing, resulting in tremor and ataxia, was first described more than five decades ago and is frequently accompanied by diffuse cerebral atrophy and symptoms of sub-cortical dementia. MRI studies suggest that white matter changes following prolonged toluene exposure are irreversible and, despite some symptomatic improvement with abstinence, correlate well with the degree of neurologic impairment seen in chronic toluene abusers (Rosenberg et al., 1988; Filley et al., 1990; Caldemeyer et al., 1993).
Principles of Instrumentation for Radiobioassay
Fuad S. Ashkar, Lelio G. Colombetti in Radiobioassays, 2019
Certain radiobioassay procedures require labeling with tritium or Carbon-14, both of which are β− emitters. Such low-energy beta particles are absorbed by even a thin window between source and detector. This problem is circumvented by dissolving the radioactive material to be assayed in a liquid scintillation cocktail. The cocktail consists of a scintillator dissolved in an organic solvent. The beta particles interact directly with the scintillator. Toluene is the typical organic solvent. Generally two scintillators are dissolved in the toluene: the primary scintillator (2,5-diphenyloxazol) referred to as PPO and the secondary scintillator (1,4-bis-2-(5-phenyloxazolyl-benzene) or POPOP). The PPO absorbs the beta and emits energy in the UV region. The photocathode of the PMT is not sensitive to this wavelength radiation. The purpose of the secondary scintillator, POPOP, is to absorb the UV photons and re-emit the absorbed energy in the blue or longer wavelength portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is more closely matched to the photocathode response. In essence then, the POPOP is a wavelength shifter. A block diagram of a typical system is shown in Figure 12.
Effect of inhalation exposure to toluene on the activity of organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) using pravastatin as a probe drug in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Mariana Mauro, Jose Salvador Lepera, Bruno Borsari, Jorge Manuel Vieira Capela, Natália Valadares de Moraes
Toluene is a flammable, transparent and volatile aromatic hydrocarbon widely used to increase the octane rating of gasoline, which contains 5 to 7% of toluene (g/g). It is also used as a solvent in paints, thinners, detergents, varnishes, rust inhibitors, dyes, glues or as a substitute for benzene in many applications. The ubiquity of toluene, used as a pure substance or in solvent mixtures in many applications, is the cause of occupational exposures of large numbers of workers in the world. The exposure limit proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) is 75 mg/m3 (or 20 ppm) as the time weighted average concentration in the air in order to protect against central nervous system impairment, vision impairment, female reproductive system disturbances including pregnancy loss (ACGIH, 2011). The exposure to toluene inhibits AHH, CYP2B1, CYP4B1 and induces CYP2E1, CYP2B1/2, CYP2A1 and CYP4A1 depending on the level of exposure, frequency and route of exposure (Furman et al., 1998; Wang et al., 1996). However, the influence of toluene exposure on drug transporters has not been previously reported.
The exposure to BTEX/Styrene and their health risk in the tire manufacturing
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Mehran Nazarparvar-Noshadi, Mehrdad Yadegari, Yousef Mohammadian, Yadolah Fakhri
Acute myelogenous leukemia and blood diseases, immune system damage, menstrual disorders, and changes are the adverse health effects of exposure to benzene (Boogaard and Van Sittert 1995, Lynge et al. 1997). Exposure to toluene can lead to multiple complications, including changes in the central nervous system, such as fatigue, dizziness, lack of coordination, delay in response time, and perceived person’s speed (Wexler 1998). ethylbenzene and xylene also cause respiratory and nervous problems (Substances and Registry 2010, Rajan and Malathi 2014). The health impacts of styrene are acute and chronic effects on the central and peripheral nervous system, decreased consciousness, changes in mental functioning, cognition, and emotions (Rebert and Hall 1994, Morgan et al. 1997, Sumner et al. 1997).
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of edaravone derivatives bearing the N-benzyl pyridinium moiety as multifunctional anti-Alzheimer’s agents
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Luke S. Zondagh, Sarel F. Malan, Jacques Joubert
The 4-(aminomethyl)pyridine moiety was conjugated to the carboxylic group of 1 via HATU activational chemistry. One equiv. edaravone-COOH (1) and four equiv. of N,N-diisopopylethylamine (DIPEA) was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. Thereafter, the carboxylic acid of 1 was activated using the HATU activational agent in a 1 equiv.:1.2 equiv. ratio in an appropriate quantity of dimethylformamide (DMF). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and monitored using TLC (3 ethanol: 2 ethyl acetate: 4 diethyl ether). Once the reaction was complete, 4-(aminomethyl) pyridine (2) was added to the mixture and stirred under reflux at 40–50 °C for 1 h and monitored using TLC. Once the reaction was complete, toluene was added to the mixture in a ratio of 3 equiv. toluene: 1 equiv. DMF. The reaction was then rotary evaporated until just off dry. The mixture was left to precipitate out overnight in a refrigerator. Finally, the precipitate was filtered and washed with distilled water. The precipitate was placed in a vacuum oven and allowed to dry rendering the desired compound 3.
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