The New Frontiers in Bone Tissue Engineering
Ugo Ripamonti in The Geometric Induction of Bone Formation, 2020
The angiogenic induction in mesenchymal condensations is noteworthy and correlates with the alkaline phosphatase staining. High-power views indicate the migration of mesenchymal stem cells from the angiogenic compartment of the invading mesenchymal condensations to the osteogenic compartment of the differentiating osteogenic cells at the hydroxyapatite interface. Osteoclastic activity re-patterning the surface micro-geometry of the implanted macroporous bioreactors is the key factor resulting in the spontaneous and/or intrinsic induction of bone formation. The critical role of the concavity spontaneously initiating the induction of bone formation was confirmed by intramuscular rectus abdominis implantation of sintered crystalline hydroxyapatites with concavities of specific dimensions on both planar surfaces of the sintered constructs. The central question in developmental biology and thus tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is the molecular basis of pattern formation. Special thanks to Raquel Duarte, Caroline Dickens, Therese Dix-Peek and Rolando Klar, who molecularly assigned the spontaneous induction of bone formation by coral-derived bioreactors.
Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi in Articular Cartilage, 2017
This chapter discusses the strategies employed by researchers striving to repair or regenerate articular cartilage through biological means. It highlights both the seminal tissue engineering studies focused on articular cartilage and the latest approaches that incorporate bioreactors, bioactive molecules, and specialized biomaterials. Focus has been placed on the three main pillars of tissue engineering: cell source, scaffold design, and external stimulation through the use of bioactive molecules and mechanical bioreactors. Tissue engineering, in its classical sense, involves the manipulation of a complex interplay among biomaterials, growth factors, and cell populations to achieve functional improvement or restoration. The primary advantage of in vitro tissue engineering is proposed to be immediate functionality. The chapter illustrates the importance of the in vitro culture environment on the growth, development, and functionality of native and engineered articular cartilage. Progenitor and stem cell populations, in particular mesenchymal stem cells, have been long considered as a promising cell source for cartilage tissue engineering.
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
Ronald L. Fournier in Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
This chapter reviews tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Some background is given on the tissue engineering process and the medical applications of this technology. Providing the proper cellular environment for tissue engineering is discussed with attention given to the extracellular matrix and the molecules that mediate cellular interactions. Transplanted cells have the potential to grow and form larger tissue structures when implanted in the vicinity of existing mature tissue. The goal of tissue engineering is to develop methods and techniques than can enhance the success of cellular transplants. In some cases, the transplanted cells in the tissue engineered construct need to be protected from the host's immune system. The cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are members of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. The basal lamina is a continuous mat-like structure of extracellular matrix (ECM) materials that separates specific cells, such as epithelial, endothelial, or muscle, from the underlying layer of connective tissue.
Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Development and Future: A Review
Published in Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain, 2014
Background: Articular cartilage is an avascular structure. Injured cartilage cannot self-repair, which results in joint pain and loss of mobility, eventually requiring articular cartilage replacement. Cartilage tissue engineering is a promising approach for regeneration and repair. Findings: In this paper, we reviewdc the normal structure and function of articular cartilage, the history of clinical techniques of cartilage tissue engineering, and two categories of cell sources for cartilage engineering. We also explored the environment of cell regeneration that includes scaffolds, growth factors, biomechanical stimulation in a three-dimensional bioreactor, and possible mechanical signal pathways. Conclusion: Successful cartilage tissue engineering relies on “energetic” cells, a number of growth factors, reliable scaffolds such as articular cartilage extracellular matrix oriented scaffolds, and joint-like mechanical stimuli.
Colorectal tissue engineering: prerequisites, current status and perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2013
Quentin Denost, Jean-Philippe Adam, Eric Rullier, Reine Bareille, Alexandra Montembault, Laurent David, Laurence Bordenave
Gastrointestinal tissue engineering has emerged over the past 20 years and was often focused on esophagus, stomach or small intestine, whereas bioengineering researches of colorectal tissue are scarce. However, some promising results have been obtained in animal models. Refinements should be performed in scaffold and cell source selection to allow smooth muscle layer regeneration. Indeed, synthetic and natural polymers such as small intestinal submucosa and collagen sponge seeded with organoid units or smooth muscle cells did not allow smooth muscle regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue seeded on composite scaffold could represent an interesting way to achieve this goal. This article reviews potential indications, current status and perspectives of tissue engineering in the area of colorectal surgery.
Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers for tissue engineering application: a review
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2017
Fatemeh Asghari, Mohammad Samiei, Khosro Adibkia, Abolfazl Akbarzadeh, Soodabeh Davaran
Since so many years ago, tissue damages that are caused owing to various reasons attract scientists’ attention to find a practical way to treat. In this regard, many studies were conducted. Nano scientists also suggested some ways and the newest one is called tissue engineering. They use biodegradable polymers in order to replace damaged structures in tissues to make it practical. Biodegradable polymers are dominant scaffolding materials in tissue engineering field. In this review, we explained about biodegradable polymers and their application as scaffolds.