Vitamin Deficiency in Patients with Terminal Cancer
Victor R. Preedy in Handbook of Nutrition and Diet in Palliative Care, 2019
Low plasma thiamine levels are common and are associated with increased mortality in patients in intensive care units (Donnino et al. 2010). Thiamine deficiency is also well described in patients with advanced cancer (Barbato and Rodriguez 1994). In particular, thiamine deficiency presents in patients with rapidly growing malignancies. To support rapid growth and proliferation, tumour cells require large amounts of energy, which in part is derived from the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to ATP. The pentose phosphate pathway is important in glucose metabolism, with transketolase an integral enzyme for the nonoxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. Thiamine is metabolised to thiamine pyrophosphate, the cofactor of transketolase. The upregulation of transketolase activity during tumour progression has been widely reported.
Case 28: Unsteady gait
Barry Wright, Subodh Dave, Nisha Dogra in 100 Cases in Psychiatry, 2017
This man is presenting with a triad of ataxia, nystagmus and confusion indicating a diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE). This can present abruptly and is a medical emergency. It is important to recognize and treat the condition early as it is potentially reversible. This condition is related to thiamine deficiency. Thiamine is phosphorylated to TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate). TPP acts as co-factor for enzymes like transketolase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, which are essential for synthesis of myelin and also play a key role in brain glucose metabolism. Chronic alcohol use is an important cause of the condition as it impairs the absorption of thiamine from the gut. Other causes of WE include prolonged diarrhoea, vomiting, hyperemesis gravidarum, severe malnutrition in anorexia nervosa, prolonged intravenous feeding and carcinoma of the stomach.
B-Group Vitamin-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria
Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani in Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Thiamine is needed for the release of energy from carbohydrates and is also involved in the normal functioning of the nervous system and the heart. Thiamine is present in the human body as free thiamine and as different phosphorylated forms; thiamine pyrophosphate (ThDP) is the biologically active form, working as an essential cofactor in all forms of life and has a key role in carbohydrate, branched-chain amino acid and other organic molecules metabolism. ThDP is synthesized de novo by certain bacteria, archaea, yeast, fungi, plants, and protozoans (Begley et al. 1999). Other organisms, such as humans, rely upon thiamine transport and salvage to obtain sufficient amounts for their metabolic reactions.
Anticonvulsant effects of thiamine on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Azam Mesdaghinia, Marziye Alinejad, Alireza Abed, Azhdar Heydari, Hamid Reza Banafshe
Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin that is converted to its active form, thiamine pyrophosphate, in the liver. Thiamine pyrophosphate is a cofactor for many enzymes which is involved in energy metabolism and plays a key role in the brain metabolism.20 Thiamine-dependent enzymes are critical for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, antioxidants, and pentose sugars for the production of nucleic acid.21 Thiamine has protective role against cytotoxic agents and involved in synaptic transmission, axonal development, and production of myelin for neurons.22 Many studies have investigated the relationship between thiamine deficiency and neurological defects or neurological disorders.23 Thiamine deficiency causes peripheral neuropathy and encephalopathy and impairs the synaptic transmission, learning processes, psychomotor, and sensory activities in animal studies.24 Deficiency of the thiamine-dependent enzymes is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson and Alzheimer.25,26 Some studies have investigated the relationship between thiamine deficiency and seizure.27,28 Fattal-Valevski et al.29 followed seven children with refractory epilepsy seizures that were fed with milk powder without thiamine. After 5–6 years of follow-up, all presented children suffered from mental retardation, movement disorders, dysfunction in the brain stem, and refractory seizures.
Thiamine and phosphate esters concentrations in whole blood and serum of patients with alcohol use disorder: a relation with cognitive deficits
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Laurent Coulbault, Ludivine Ritz, François Vabret, Coralie Lannuzel, Céline Boudehent, Marie Nowoczyn, Hélène Beaunieux, Anne Lise Pitel
Thiamine, also named vitamin B1, plays a key role in cellular metabolism and ATP production in human cells. Thiamine is phosphorylated in cells which produce thiamine pyrophosphate (TDP), the most abundant phosphate ester in whole blood and tissues, but other thiamine derivatives can be found in mammalian tissues [1,2]. Only TDP has clearly identified physiological functions in human and in other mammals. TDP is a cofactor for pyruvate deshydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate deshydrogenase, and then is involved in cellular metabolism and ATP production. TDP is also a cofactor for transketolase, which is involved in NADPH production through pentose cycle, and is essential for the regulation of cellular redox status [2].
Mechanisms of action of vitamin B1 (thiamine), B6 (pyridoxine), and B12 (cobalamin) in pain: a narrative review
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
A. M. Paez-Hurtado, C. A. Calderon-Ospina, M. O. Nava-Mesa
Vitamin B1 (thiamine, B1) functions in the body as a coenzyme named thiamine pyrophosphate, which is involved in important functions in carbohydrate metabolism, especially in nerve cells. It is the coenzyme of pyruvate decarboxylase, transketolase, and alpha‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and participates in the formation of acetylcholine. Moreover, blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, it regulates neural excitability in injured neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), suppressing thermal hyperalgesia and improving analgesia [68]. Details are given in the subchapters below.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biochemistry
- Cofactor
- Drosophila Melanogaster
- Enzyme
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Thiamine
- Cytosol
- Thiamine Diphosphokinase
- Nutrient
- Vitamin