Influence of Dietary Supplements on Body Composition
Henry C. Lukaski in Body Composition, 2017
At a macro level, the changes in muscle size produce male pattern hypertrophy emphasizing the upper body. Bhasin put to rest the question of whether or not supra-physiological levels of testosterone in normal men could increase muscle mass in healthy young men just as it did in hypogonadal men (Bhasin et al. 2001). Increases in fat-free mass were dose dependent with up to an average of nearly 8 kg gain at the 600 mg/week dose of testosterone enanthate for 20 weeks (Bhasin et al. 2001) (Figure 16.1). Body composition changes were assessed in the same studies using DXA, underwater weighing, and MRI scans of leg muscles. Changes in fat mass are less consistently reported in any studies of androgen administration to healthy men. In previous studies such as one reported by Forbes et al., testosterone treatment causes an apparent lean mass gain and fat mass loss (Forbes et al. 1992) (Figure 16.1). However, these changes are largely temporary, with a return toward the original body composition following drug cessation (Friedl et al. 1990; Forbes et al. 1992). Such observations suggest that the rapid changes may involve intracellular fluid retention. However, in Bhasin’s studies, body water, measured by deuterium dilution, averaged around 74% of the fat free mass, with nonstatistical increases at highest doses of testosterone, suggesting that the weight gains were primarily associated with protein accretion (Bhasin et al. 2001). Circulating IGF-1 levels demonstrate dose-dependent increases with testosterone administration.
Peripheral muscles
Claudio F. Donner, Nicolino Ambrosino, Roger S. Goldstein in Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2020
Testosterone supplementation and its analogues are able to improve muscle strength and mass (109,110), but this does not necessarily translate into functional benefits. In one well-designed study, testosterone supplementation or placebo were used with or without resistance training in a cohort of 47 men with COPD who had low circulating testosterone levels (111). A weekly injection of testosterone enanthate alone for 10 weeks improved leg muscle strength and mass to a similar extent as did resistance training alone. Of note, gains in muscle strength and mass when amplified in patients who undertook both testosterone supplementation and resistance training suggested a synergistic effect between the two interventions. In another study, it was reported that a multicomponent intervention including testosterone and nutritional supplementation as well as endurance and strength training improved exercise performance and health status compared to usual care (112). One difficulty with this study is that the degree of improvement that could be attributed to testosterone alone cannot be determined with confidence.
Polyendocrine Syndromes
Jack L. Leahy, Nathaniel G. Clark, William T. Cefalu in Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus, 2000
Repeated phlebotomy may reverse the hypogonadism. This primarily occurs in men younger than 40 years. Otherwise, hypogonadism can be treated with testosterone replacement. Testosterone per se cannot be effective administered orally; the testosterone congeners that are administered by mouth are associated with a risk of hepatic dysfunction, and should be avoided in hypogonadal patients in general (and certainly in the patient with hemochromatosis who is likely to have significant liver disease already because of the underlying disorder). Testosterone can be effectively restored by intramuscular injection of long-acting agents, such as testosterone enanthate or testosterone cypionate, either of which can be administered at a dose of 200 mg every 2 weeks. This will result in serum levels in the normal physiological range for men after a steady state is achieved following the initial rise after the injection. Alternatively, testosterone can be administered by transdermal systems (patches), with a typical dose being one 5 mg patch to be replaced daily.
What are the pharmacological considerations for male congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Giulia Rastrelli, Mario Maggi, Giovanni Corona
Testosterone therapy (TTh) is the most widely used approach for the induction and progression of pubertal development [5]. TTh is started with one-fifth of the adult dose or less. Injectable short-acting esters of testosterone (testosterone enanthate or cypionate) are the most used medications. The usual initial dose is 50 mg monthly, which is gradually increased to the adult dose over two or 3 years (Table 1). TTh allows the development of secondary sexual characteristics to be coordinated with psychological and sexual behavior development. Possible alternative formulations deal with the use of oral testosterone undecanoate (TU) and transdermal gels. TU is easy to take and the dose of 40 mg per capsule allows a stepwise slow increase in the dose up to the adult dose (Table 1). Testosterone gel preparations are easy to titrate, and this represents an advantage (Table 1); however, experience with testosterone gel in adolescents is still limited and treatment protocols are still not well defined.
Dietary fluted pumpkin seeds induce reversible oligospermia and androgen insufficiency in adult rats
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Rex-Clovis C. Njoku, Sunny O. Abarikwu, Augustine A. Uwakwe, Chidimma J. Mgbudom-Okah, Chioma Yvonne Ezirim
Potent and innocuous forms of contraception suitable for different couples and diverse cultures are crucial for family planning (Chauhan and Agarwal 2010; Plana 2017; Ain et al. 2018). Obviously, numerous fertility control efforts are aimed at women, and men have been asked to share in this responsibility (Amory 2016; Plana 2017). The call for men to be equal partners with women in fertility regulation has been slow due to limited acceptable contraceptive options (Plana 2017). More so, complications associated with existing male contraceptive options such as hormonal imbalance, epididymitis and semen leakage prompted the search for other methods of male contraception (Anawalt and Amory 2001; Kanakis and Goulis 2015; Ain et al. 2018). This led to considerable efforts in the formulations of hormone and non-hormonal dependent male contraceptives. Hormone dependent male contraceptives tend to influence the spermatogenic process via the suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis leading to infertility and reduced sperm count (Meriggiola and Pelusi 2006; Xie et al. 2017). Of these, testosterone enanthate and testosterone undecanoate suppresses the endogenous synthesis of testosterone and reduces spermatogenesis (Kanakis and Goulis 2015). This method was observed to promote undesired side effects such as lowering of high-density lipoprotein, hypertension, weight gain, and cancer (Anawalt and Amory 2001; Nieschlag et al. 2003; Kumar et al. 2012).
Comparative study of the effects of osteoprotegerin and testosterone on bone quality in male orchidectomised rats
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Marta Martín-Fernández, Francisco-Miguel Garzón-Márquez, Manuel Díaz-Curiel, Iván Prieto-Potin, Luis Alvarez-Galovich, David Guede, Jose Ramón Caeiro-Rey, Concepción De la Piedra
In the work of Li et al. [17], the authors observed that treating ORX Sprague-Dawley rats with OPG–Fc increased trabecular BV to levels that significantly exceeded values for ORX or SHAM controls. Yarrow et al. [49] observed that high doses of testosterone enanthate (TE) might prevent hypogonadism-induced osteopenia. TE administered to 3-month-old male gonadectomised Fisher rats prevented ORX-induced changes in TbN and separation, cancellous BV, and osteoid surface. Filipovic et al. [50] studied 15-month-old Wistar rats that were ORX and treated with 5 mg/kg of testosterone propionate (TP) once a day for 3 weeks. Administration of TP enhanced cancellous bone TbTh and TbN and reduced TbSp through the increase in calcitonin-producing thyroid C cells, which may contribute to the bone protective effects of sex hormones in the rat model of male osteoporosis. With respect to bone remodeling, in our work, we found that ORX did not produce any effect on BGP levels but did produce an increase in the levels of ALP and CTX, showing greater bone remodeling. We found that treatment with OPG–Fc decreased bone remodeling in ORX rats, decreasing BGP, ALP, and CTX. However, and in spite of the benefits observed in bone health in ORX rats treated with testosterone, testosterone did not produce changes in the levels of bone turnover of ORX rats, except in the case of ALP.
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