Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Terpenoids, also called ‘isoprenoids’, constitute one of the largest groups of natural products with important biological, pharmacological, medical and industrial properties (187–196). Most of the terpenoids are secondary metabolites of plants; however, a few of them are also synthesized by other organisms, such as bacteria and yeast. Terpenes and terpenoids account for 40,000 to 60,000 compounds according to each publication (188, 190, 193). Terpenes are simple hydrocarbons, while terpenoids are a modified class of terpenes with different functional groups (OH groups) and oxidized methyl group moved or removed at various positions (187). Terpenoids are composed of five-carbon ‘isoprene’ (C5H8) units or building blocks assembled and modified in thousands of ways (187–196).
Phytosomes as Novel Carriers of Herbal Extracts
Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan in Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Flavonoids are generally defined as polyphenolic compounds, which are commonly found in edible plants and mainly used for their antioxidant, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Quercetin and Rutin are the most abundant flavonoids and have a larger structure among others; their phytosomal formulations become markedly available (Panche et al., 2016). Terpenoids are widely distributed natural compounds, which are derived via biogenesis through isoprene units. Gingko biloba L. and Cannabis L. are the most commonly used plant for their terpenoid compounds. Both terpenoids and sub-groups of terpenoids, such as carotenoids and isoprenoids, are mainly formulated in phytosomes (Pattanaik and Lindberg, 2015). Terpenes are a class of hydrocarbons of biological origin derived from isoprene and have been utilized due to their pharmacological activities and for antimalarial, fungal and bacterial infections, against depression, the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, anxiety and addiction, and currently many researchers are focused on cancer therapy as well (Aldred et al., 2009).
Cannabis Nutrition
Betty Wedman-St Louis in Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
Using the whole plant and the nutrients in each component starts by looking at the raw acid form of cannabinoids. The leaves (discarding the stems) can be made into a slurry for an afternoon “pick-me-up” by cancer patients, athletes, and tired homemakers. The raw leaves have anti-inflammatory benefits beyond what decarboxylated leaves can provide. The THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) in the raw leaves does not convert to THC (the psychoactive cannabinoid) until it is heated to 220°C for an hour. THCA can stimulate appetite, reduce nausea, and offer neuroprotective benefits along with the CBDA (cannabidiolic acid) adding antidepressant and anticancer potential. Raw cannabis leaves also have a wide array of terpenes like myrcene, limonene, and pinene. Raw leaves have carotenoids—beta carotene, alpha carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene—which can benefit eye health and immune function [43]. Lutein is a noted nutritional carotenoid because of its role in cognition and macular pigment [44].
Utilization of experimental design in the formulation and optimization of hyaluronic acid–based nanoemulgel loaded with a turmeric–curry leaf oil nanoemulsion for gingivitis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Amal M. Sindi, Khaled M. Hosny, Waleed Y. Rizg, Fahad Y. Sabei, Osama A. Madkhali, Mohammed Ali Bakkari, Eman Alfayez, Hanaa Alkharobi, Samar A Alghamdi, Arwa A. Banjar, Mohammed Majrashi, Mohammed Alissa
For formulation NG4, which contained oleic acid instead of CrO in the developed nanoemulsion, the permeation parameters were also much lower than those of NG1, which contained CrO among its components. For example, NG4 had a Q24 value of 5986 ± 101 µg/cm2 compared with the NG1 value of 7530 ± 215 µg/cm2. Such a reduction in drug permeation affirmed the importance of CrO in improving drug permeation. Its better action might have been due to its terpene content. The presence of terpene compounds increased the drug solubility in membrane lipids and the lipid/protein arrangement was disrupted during permeation enhancement (Sapra et al., 2008). Therefore, there seems to be a lot of potential for the usage of terpenes in topical and buccal formulations.
Development of invaethosomes and invaflexosomes for dermal delivery of clotrimazole: optimization, characterization and antifungal activity
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Sureewan Duangjit, Kozo Takayama, Sureewan Bumrungthai, Jongjan Mahadlek, Tanasait Ngawhirunpat, Praneet Opanasopit
Invaethosomes (I-ETS) and invaflexosomes (I-FXS) are a new combination of invasomes-ethosomes and invasomes-flexosomes, respectively, which are being introduced for the first time in this study. The combination of ethanol and/or polysorbate 20 and d-limonene as potential penetration enhancers was demonstrated in this study. Several types of terpenes were varied. The lipid constituents of the CZ-loaded nanovesicles and their characteristics were defined as causal factors (Xi) and response variables (Yi), respectively. CZ-loaded nanovesicles with a constant concentration of 0.025% w/v CZ, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and various concentrations of ethanol (X1), d-limonene (X2), and polysorbate 20 (X3) were prepared as penetration enhancers. The physicochemical characteristics (e.g. vesicle size, size distribution, zeta potential, and CZ concentration), skin permeation, and antifungal activity of the CZ-loaded I-ETS/I-FXS formulations were characterized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction were used to screen and investigate the mechanism of action of various terpenes. The correlation between the causal factors and the response variables was estimated using Design Expert®. The reliability and accuracy of the optimal I-ETS/I-FXS were experimentally evaluated and confirmed. The objective of this study was to develop novel I-ETS and I-FXS to enhance the dermal delivery of CZ. I-ETS and I-FXS were successfully used for dermal delivery of 0.025% w/v CZ.
Frankincense diterpenes as a bio-source for drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Hidayat Hussain, Luay Rashan, Uzma Hassan, Muzaffar Abbas, Faruck L. Hakkim, Ivan R. Green
Frankincense is essentially a resin derived from the tree of the genus Boswellia and mainly from five species, i.e. B. carterii, B. serrata, B. papyrifera, B. sacra, and B. frerana. The Boswellia genus, incorporating over 30 species out of which 16 grow in tropical Africa and Asia [2]. Chemical investigation of frankincense resin has revealed that it comprises over 200 different natural products, including penta- and tetracyclic triterpenoids, diterpenoids, polyphenols, essential oils, and tannins [2,9–15]. Terpenes are considered to be one of the most structurally diverse groups among the spectrum of natural products. Furthermore, over 55,000 terpenes have been reported as isolated from various natural sources featured intriguing chemical diversity along with interesting biological properties. Among the terpenes, diterpenes are one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites with over 18,000 molecules derived from GGPP (E,E,E-geranylgeranyl diphosphate). Moreover, these compounds can be classified according to their biogenesis and over 126 different carbon skeletons have been reported to date [16]. Quite recently, Al-Harrasi et al. [17] published a review about the cembrane diterpenoids from the Boswellia species but their focus was more on the chemistry rather on their biology. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of detailed biological investigations of frankincense diterpenoids (cembrane and prenylaromadendrane-type diterpenes).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diterpene
- Hydrocarbon
- Sesquiterpene
- Turpentine
- Natural Product
- Biological Interaction
- Monoterpene
- Α-Pinene
- Natural Rubber
- Polyisoprene