Integrative Nutritional Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease
Mary J. Marian, Gerard E. Mullin in Integrating Nutrition Into Practice, 2017
Several observational studies have linked lower serum concentrations of taurine and/or increased elimination of taurine to increased CVD, including ischemic disease [286–288]. Clinical trials of taurine have demonstrated improvements in serum triglycerides, and non-HDL to HDL lipid ratios in overweight, nondiabetic patients [289]; improved left ventricular function and increased exercise tolerance in CHF [290,291]; and improved endothelial function in young adults with type 1 diabetes [292]. Notably, several trials have been performed combining taurine with mitochondrial-targeted therapies, including small clinical trials of MyoVive [293], containing CoQ10, taurine, and carnitine, demonstrating reduced end-diastolic volume in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, and of CoQ10 and taurine suggesting improved function post-MI [294]. Taurine appears to be very safe to supplement, and typical doses are 500 mg–1.5 g/day in divided doses.
Taurine
Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke in Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
Taurine is currently claimed to be a functional ingredient in several commercialized ‘energy’ drinks (~1,000–2,000mg taurine per serving), with many manufacturers claiming that taurine is ergogenic for many types of exercise. However, scientific evidence to support these claims does not exist (Campbell et al., 2013), as most studies have examined the metabolic, cognitive and performance effects of taurine supplements in combination with many additional ingredients which have been shown to be ergogenic (e.g. caffeine and carbohydrate) or have not utilized appropriate placebo control beverages (Geiss et al., 1994; Ivy et al., 2009; Gwacham and Wagner, 2012; Nelson et al., 2014b). Therefore, a role for taurine alone to improve exercise performance and/or alter metabolism in humans has not been demonstrated.
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Introduction, Definitions and Regulatory Issues
Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell in Nutritional Ergogenic Aids, 2004
Taurine is a naturally occurring amino acid in high-protein foods such at meats, dairy products and seafood. Available nutrient analysis databases do not provide information on taurine content in foods.11 However, Laidlaw et al. published the taurine content of a select sample of foods.22 The daily dietary intake of nonvegan Americans is estimated at 20-200 mg/day.23 Although humans are able to synthesize taurine endogenously, the ability may be limited. Inadequate dietary taurine intake, along with low intakes of methionine or cysteine could contribute to low plasma, urine or cere-brospinal fluid levels. 24Toxicity
Short-term consumption of alcohol (vodka) mixed with energy drink (AMED) attenuated alcohol-induced cerebral capillary disturbances and neuroinflammation in adult wild-type mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Ryusuke Takechi, John Mamo, Sukanya Das, Liam Graneri, Zachary D’Alonzo, Michael Nesbit, Edwin Junaldi, Virginie Lam
Both caffeine and taurine have been reported to have neuroprotective properties against medication-induced stress. Studies on the health effects of caffeine largely suggest that its stimulating effect on the central nervous system is by activating the sympathetic adrenal-medullary system [35]. One study by Endesfelder et al. reported that caffeine conferred neuroprotection from anti-convulsant-induced neurotoxicity in neonatal brain [36]. This study also implicated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of caffeine in neonatal rat brain [36]. While caffeine has been well characterized as a stimulant, its effect on blood circulation/cerebrovascular indices remains unclear. We previously reported that chronic consumption of energy drink MotherTM has a blood pressure-lowering effect in wild-type mice [14]. Furthermore, caffeine is shown to significantly suppress oxidative stress and reduce vascular dysfunction, which may confer protective effects on BBB [37, 38]. Studies report a number of cardiovascular protective effects of taurine, which may help maintain healthy BBB [39]. Taurine has also been demonstrated to promote neural neurogenesis in the developing brain [40]. In other studies, taurine also demonstrated neuroprotection to brain cerebellar neurons from ethanol-induced apoptosis in young mice [41]. These data collectively suggest that caffeine and taurine in energy drinks may have contributed to the protection of BBB in alcohol-induced BBB disruption and neuroinflammation in this study.
Taurine and N-acetylcysteine treatments prevent memory impairment and metabolite profile alterations in the hippocampus of high-fat diet-fed female mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Alba M. Garcia-Serrano, Joao P. P. Vieira, Veronika Fleischhart, João M. N. Duarte
Total caloric intake over 2 months was higher for cages with HFD-fed mice than controls, with minimal effects across treatments (Figure 1(b)). Estimated daily doses of taurine and NAC were on average 78 (range 38–122) and 67 (range 30–120) mg/mouse (Figure 1(c)). After 2 months, HFD-fed mice showed higher weight gain than controls, which was prevented by NAC but not taurine treatment (Figure 1(d); diet F(1,54) = 60.4, P < 0.001; treatment F(2,54) = 8.72, P < 0.001, interaction F(2,54) = 6.69, P = 0.003). When compared to the respective controls, gonadal fat was increased in HFD and taurine-treated HFD but not in NAC-treated HFD (Figure 1(e); diet F(1,54) = 51.7, P < 0.001; treatment F(2,54) = 4.52, P = 0.015, interaction F(2,54) = 4.73, P = 0.013).
A systematic review of preclinical studies on the taurine role during diabetic nephropathy: focused on anti-oxidative, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptotic effects
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Jingru Ma, Zecheng Yang, Shengnan Jia, Rui Yang
Taurine is a non-essential sulfur-containing amino acid naturally present in large amounts in most mammalian tissues and organs (Brosnan and Brosnan 2006). Taurine can regulate several physiological functions of the kidney, such as renal blood flow, glomerular density, osmotic regulation, ion uptake and secretion, and urinary composition (Das and Sil 2012; Han X and Chesney 2012; Zhang et al. 2020). It has also been shown that taurine has direct and in-direct anti-oxidant properties (Samadi et al. 2021). Among mentioned roles of taurine it regulates mitochondrial protein synthesis, stabilizes the cell membrane, reduces inflammatory effects, anti-apoptotic function, detoxification, and cell proliferation (Menzie et al. 2013; Baliou et al. 2020). According to previous literature, oxidative stress is one of the essential pathways during diabetic nephropathy (Kashihara et al. 2010). Therefore, the use of compounds that can inhibit/reduce oxygen free radicals can be beneficial. Moreover, various studies pointed to the modulating effects of taurine on kidney function and structural changes caused by hyperglycemia (Trachtman and Sturman 1996; Lee et al. 2005; Winiarska et al. 2009; Das and Sil 2012; Darwish et al. 2015; Pandya et al. 2017).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Acid Dissociation Constant
- Dietary Supplement
- Bile
- Large Intestine
- NON-Proteinogenic Amino Acids
- Reference Daily Intake
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Food Additive
- Zwitterion
- X-Ray Crystallography