Cyclodextrins and Skin Disorders: Therapeutic and Cosmetic Applications
Andreia Ascenso, Sandra Simões, Helena Ribeiro in Carrier-Mediated Dermal Delivery, 2017
Cosmetic products play important roles in the prevention and treatment of skin disorders. For instance, the impairment of stratum corneum barrier functions observed in cutaneous disorders such as psoriasis, ichthyosis, atopic skin and contact dermatitis has been linked to skin dryness [112]. Environmental chemicals, low humidity, low temperature, normal aging process and psychological stress all modulate skin dryness and barrier homeostasis causing high susceptibility to irritancy and secondary bacterial infections [113]. By inducing superficial and deep layer changes, cosmetic products like moisturizing creams have been used to facilitate stratum corneum hydration in order to prevent skin dryness and also as adjuncts in the treatment of some skin disorders [112,114,115]. The use of sunscreens is also important in the prevention of ultraviolet-radiation-induced skin damage and cancers [116].
Novel UV Filtering Agents for Next-Generation Cosmetics: From Phytochemicals to Inorganic Nanomaterials
Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan in Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
The efficiency of UV filtering agents, or more precisely the cosmetic claiming UV filtering abilities, is represented in the form of sun protection factor (SPF). SPF is primarily developed to represent UVB protection. SPF is defined as the ratio of the amount of UV radiation required to burn protected skin, i.e., with sunscreen, with respect to that required to burn the same unprotected skin, i.e., without sunscreen, keeping all other factors constant. The following formula represents the calculation of SPF: SPF = MED of protected skin/MED of unprotected skin(MED = minimal erythemal dose)
Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma Syndrome
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Patients also need to be educated about regular self-surveillance. Patients or their loved one should perform a monthly self-skin examination [24,93]. Patients and their family members should be counseled on the characteristics of possible melanocytic lesions, such as the ABCD rules and the ugly duck sign. Patients also need to be educated about the importance of skin and sun care. This includes avoiding as much solar radiation as possible (between 10 am−4 pm), including wearing sun protective clothing and glasses [93]. Furthermore, patients should always be applying UVA and UVB SPF15+ sunscreen. Adequate application of sunscreen is critical, as inadequate application leads to a false sense of security that might increase an individual's risk of sun damage [135]. Brian Diffey advises that sunscreen should be applied 15–30 minutes before going into the sun, and should be reapplied 15–30 minutes after initial exposure. Additional application is needed if patients participate in activities that could remove the sunscreen such as “swimming, toweling, or excessive sweating and rubbing” [136]. Jeffrey Schneider advocates for the using 2 mg/cm of body surface and the “teaspoon rule”: more than half a teaspoon on the right arm, left arm, and head/neck, and a full teaspoon on the right leg, left leg, anterior torso, and posterior torso [93,137].
Dispelling myths about sunscreen
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Sabrina Lichon Bennett, Amor Khachemoune
Sunscreens are an important tool used to protect the skin against harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The history of sunscreen can be traced back to the Egyptians, whose culture placed high value on lighter skin. They used ingredients such as rice bran, jasmine, and lupine to avoid the tanning effects of the sun (1). Modern sunscreens did not emerge until the 1930s. Two individuals are credited with the creation of the first sunscreens: Eugene Schueller and Franz Greiter. In 1935, Schueller, the founder of L’Oréal, created an oily sunscreen called ‘Ambre Solaire,’ which contained benzyl salicylate (1). Three years later, Greiter, an Austrian scientist and avid climber, became sunburnt while climbing the alpine peak Piz Buin. This spurred him to found the company Piz Buin and create the sunscreen called ‘Glacier Cream’ in 1946 (2).
Prospects of topical protection from ultraviolet radiation exposure: a critical review on the juxtaposition of the benefits and risks involved with the use of chemoprotective agents
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Nilutpal Sharma Bora, Bhaskar Mazumder, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
Sunscreens come in a diversity of formulations like lotions/creams, water-based gels, sticks, sprays, and cosmetic preparations. Sunscreens available as gels are preferred by patients with oily skin, but suffer the disadvantage of being washed away easily. Sprays are convenient but application insufficiency is another disadvantage. Sunprotective agents are also used in hair care products, like shampoos, serums, and artificial dyes, to provide protection against UV-induced hair color change, protein damage, and roughness (74,76). Patient and consumer compliance is of utmost importance in case of sunscreen efficacy as inadequate application may result in subsequent reduction in sun protection factor (SPF). Disadvantages suffered by inorganic ingredients, like opacity or whitening effect and those like greasiness and oiliness for organic ingredients may be a possible reason for consumer incompliance as infrequent and insufficient application contributes to sunscreen failure (75,78–80).
Biologically effective solar ultraviolet exposures and the potential skin cancer risk for individual gold medalists of the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympic Games
Published in Temperature, 2020
Nathan J. Downs, Taryn Axelsen, Peter Schouten, Damien, P. Igoe, Alfio, V. Parisi, Jennifer Vanos
In the current analysis, we report UV exposures but do not estimate the use of sunscreen by competitors, which would reduce the chance of burning from a given UV dose. Sunscreen has clear benefits in terms of reducing sunburn and provides some benefit for the prevention of skin cancer [67,68], especially the prevention of Squamous cell carcinoma [69]. However, to be most effective, sunscreen must be reapplied regularly, applied at the correct dosage, applied well before the expected outdoor exposure time, and in a manner that gives full skin surface coverage [70]. Further, many athletes may not use sunscreen due to concerns of it impacting performance, for example, causing greasy hands, causing thermal discomfort or affecting sweating [71,72], or getting sunscreen and sweat in their eyes. The use of sunscreen decreases thermoregulatory effectiveness; however, thermoregulatory effectiveness of sunburned skin is also reduced [72]. Thus, protecting with sunscreen and clothing as much as possible in prior weeks, practice, warm up and acclimatization to warm summer conditions [73] are all important strategies for athletes who will be competing in their Olympic uniforms. Sunscreen provides the best protection when implemented alongside other personal sun exposure reduction strategies [74]. Further analysis of competitor behavior in regard to sunscreen use at the Olympic Games has the potential to add considerably to the effective personal exposures predicted in this paper, especially in those events identified with high UV exposure potential.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Inorganic Compound
- Skin Cancer
- Sunburn
- Skin
- Photoprotection
- Topical Medication
- Lotion
- Sunglasses
- Sun Protective Clothing
- Umbrella