Mechanisms of Airway Responses to Inhaled Sulfur Dioxide
Jacob Loke in Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the major air pollutant produced by combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels. Because these fuels are an important source of electrical power, approximately 70% of the SO2 emitted into the atmosphere in the United States comes from power plants (Committee on Sulfur Oxides, 1978). Other major outdoor sources of SO2 include oil refineries and metal smelters. Until recently SO2 was not an important pollutant in indoor air. However, kerosene space heaters, a form of household heating that has gained worldwide popularity over the past several years, can produce large quantities of SO2 leading to indoor concentrations that may exceed maximal outdoor concentrations by 10-fold or more (Leaderer, 1982). In addition to its importance as an air pollutant, sulfur dioxide is widely used in industry. In 1974, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health estimated that 500,000 workers in the United States are regularly exposed to SO2 in industries ranging from smelters and paper pulp mills to wineries and food processing plants (NIOSH, 1974).
Lifestyle Influences on the Microbiome
David Perlmutter in The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
Sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) consume hydrogen in the generation of H2S, an autacoid with both pro-27,28 and anti-inflammatory29 signaling attributes. Like Archea, SRB are found in about half of human stool specimens30 and attach directly to colonic mucosa.30 Although sulfate-reducing activity is found in many phyla, the dominant SRB in the human colon are members of the genus Desulfovibrio in the phylum Proteobacteria.31 Dietary sulfur is found in ingested protein and in sulfate and sulfite preservatives added to a variety of foods, like bread, preserved meat, dried fruit, and wine. Sulfate is also present in the common food additive carrageenan. Even without food, sulfur is present in sulfated glycans present in host-derived colonic mucus. Unlike Archaea, which through their syntrophism with Ruminococcus grow well in a carbohydrate-rich environment, Desulfovibrio piger, is syntrophic with Bacteroides species like B. thetaiotamicron and thrives when animals are fed a diet high in sugar and fat and low in complex polysaccharides.32 When the diet lacks complex polysaccharides, Bacteroides-derived sulfatases liberate sulfates from mucosal glycans,33 helping D. piger fill its appetite for sulfur.
Nutraceutical’s Role in Proliferation and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer
Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak in Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Naturally occurring sulfur-containing organic compounds are known as organosulfur compounds. Isothiocyanates, indoles, allylic sulfur compounds, and sulfur-containing amino acids are some of the important dietary organosulfur compounds that are essentially active against colon cancer cells. Diallyl disulfides like allicin from garlic and sulforaphane from broccoli are important organosulfur compounds that are active against CRC cells. Besides this, acetylapoaranotin, a diketopiperazine disulfide derived from marine Aspergillus sp., is also an important anticancer agent [96]. These organosulfur compounds exhibit their anticancer activity through various modes of action that target molecules playing an important part in survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of the CRC cells.
Neurotherapeutic efficacy of loaded sulforaphane on iron oxide nanoparticles against cuprizone-induced neurotoxicity: role of MMP-9 and S100β
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad, Mostafa Mabrouk, Sara A. M. El-Sayed, Maha Z. Rizk, Hanan H. Beherei
The elements and the functional groups that exist on the surface of a material or within it, it could be quantitatively identified by using XPS analysis. Figure 4 showed the XPS spectra of SF-loaded magnetite nanoparticles and the high resolution C 1s, O 1s, and S 2p XPS spectra. The binding energies 284.5 and 285.7 eV are corresponding to C–C and C=S, respectively for C 1s spectrum (Wang et al. 2019). The presence of O is confirmed by its binding energy at 532.3 eV as represented in Figure 4(c) for O 1s spectrum (Cui et al. 2019). Sulfur (S) exists at two bind energies 163.9 and 171.1 eV that are attributed to S=C and S=O, respectively for S 2p spectrum (Wang et al. 2019). These results indicate the complete covering by the SF molecules, which makes it very difficult to detected magnetite. This also in agreement with TEM results as the SF molecules were observed as an outer layer coating the magnetite core. However, the SF is also expected to be impregnated in the porosity of the magnetite nanoparticles as it was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method that produces nanoparticles with porosity that allows the propagation of active molecules within its microstructure (Mabrouk et al. 2022).
Peripheral gene signatures reveal distinct cancer patient immunotypes with therapeutic implications for autologous DC-based vaccines
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Michal Hensler, Jana Rakova, Lenka Kasikova, Tereza Lanickova, Josef Pasulka, Peter Holicek, Marek Hraska, Tereza Hrnciarova, Pavla Kadlecova, Andreu Schoenenberger, Klara Sochorova, Daniela Rozkova, Ludek Sojka, Jana Drozenova, Jan Laco, Rudolf Horvath, Michal Podrazil, Guo Hongyan, Tomas Brtnicky, Michal J. Halaska, Lukas Rob, Ales Ryska, An Coosemans, Ignace Vergote, Abhishek D. Garg, David Cibula, Jirina Bartunkova, Radek Spisek, Jitka Fucikova
High-throughput qPCR was performed on the Biomark HD system (Fluidigm) using the 48.48 Dynamic Array Chip for Gene Expression and probe-based detection. Each reaction sample (5 µL) contained 1 µL of the pre-amplification products (diluted 1:10), 2.74 µL of Probe GrandMaster Mix (TATAA Biocenter), 0.25 µL of 20× GE Sample Loading Reagent (Fluidigm), 0.01 µL of ROX (Life Technologies; final concentration: 50 nM), and DNA/DNAse-free water. The assay reaction mix (5 µL) contained 2.5 µL of Assay Loading Reagent (Fluidigm) and 2.5 µL of a 5 µM mix of the reverse and forward primers plus 2.5 µM probes. Priming and loading of the dynamic array were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions using the IFC controller HX (Fluidigm). The thermal conditions comprised thermal mixing at 50°C for 2 min followed by 70°C for 40 min and 25°C for 10 min, hot-start activation at 95°C for 30s and 40 cycles of amplification (95°C for 10s and 60°C for 60s). Melting curve analysis was performed in the range of 60°C to 95°C with increments of 0.5°C/s. The amplification data were analyzed with Fluidigm Real-Time PCR Analysis software, applying the linear derivative baseline subtraction method and a user-defined global threshold to obtain Cq values.
Estimation of environmental pollutants using the AERMOD model in Shazand thermal power plant, Arak, Iran
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Ghodratollah Siahpour, Seyed Ali Jozi, Neda Orak, Hossein Fathian, Soolmaz Dashti
In fact, mathematical models, including the AERMOD model, can analyze air pollution spreads to interpret empirical data, assess air quality at present or in the past, monitor random emissions, and evaluate regional hazards. One of the most important problems of power plants in this regard is air pollution due to fossil fuel consumption. Air pollutants from power plants, including PM10, SO2, NOX, and CO gases, which enter the atmosphere naturally and manually, are of particular importance. Therefore, it is important to know the concentration and distribution of these gases from the power plants in the environment. Finally, using the overlay pollutant concentration maps in the environment and land use maps and satellite imagery, it was determined that the maximum concentration of sulfur dioxide occurs mainly in agricultural lands. But due to the very low concentration of sulfur dioxide added to the environment, it can be said that the effect of sulfur dioxide on their products and their sulfur load is negligible.
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