Organic Chemicals
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Styrene is used as a solvent for synthetic rubber resins and is an intermediate in the chemical synthesis and manufacture of polymerized synthetic materials. Along with irritation of mucosal membranes and dermatitis it is also associated with chromosomal damage. It can cause abnormal CNS function. Twenty-two percent of 500 chemically sensitive patients surveyed at the EHC-Dallas had styrene in their blood. It is the easiest chemical to be removed from the blood. In our series, we were able to remove 100% styrene out of our patients.247 However, others have speculated that styrene may not be removed. It may, instead, convert to another toxic substance and subsequently remain undetected in the body. Although this scenario is possible, it seems unlikely since patients continue to improve after analytical evidence of clearing occurs (Tables 5.37 and 5.38).
Biomarkers of Toxicant Susceptibility
Anthony P. DeCaprio in Toxicologic Biomarkers, 2006
Some studies assessing the influence of metabolic polymorphisms on genetic damage due to exposure to environmental xenobiotics applied the relatively new COMET method, instead of the more usual cytogenetic tests. Gel electrophoresis of DNA of single cells treated with alkali [single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or COMET] is a very sensitive method for measuring DNA helix breaks caused by exposure to genotoxic substances. In working exposure to styrene, a significant increase in DNA damage measured by the COMET assay has been found, especially in subjects with high activating capacity (CYP2E1*3) (45). Some types of exposure have been studied according to their capacity to produce in vivo mutations in man. Mutation at the HPRT locus (resistence to thioguanine) of circulating lymphocytes has been assessed in occupational exposure to genotoxic agents, and is influenced by metabolic genotypes CYP2E1* 1/*3 and GSTP1*A/*Bin exposure to styrene (45) and by genotypes EPHX with low activity, with and without null polymorphisms of GSTM1 and T1, in exposure to butadiene in the rubber industry (46). An increase in the somatic variants of glycophorin A in erythrocytes, reported in smokers, depends on reduced DNA repair activity of the mutated genotype XRCC1 399 Gln (42).
Methods in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling
Francis N. Marzulli, Howard I. Maibach in Dermatotoxicology Methods: The Laboratory Worker’s Vade Mecum, 2019
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the classical two-compartment pharmacokinetic model having a body compartment connected with the plasma. The first order transfer rates (K12, K21, K10) are descriptive of a particular situation (see Gibaldi and Perrier, 1982) but do not allow extrapolation to other exposure conditions or species because their physiological basis is obscure. PB-PK models are better suited for extrapolation because their physiological basis is well defined. It has been shown that a PB-PK model for the inhalation of styrene in rats can be predictive of blood and exhaled air concentrations of styrene in humans after scaling-up the physiological and metabolic constants (Ramsey and Andersen, 1984). Extrapolation with a PB-PK model is only limited by the ability of the modeler to quantitatively describe the species differences in the pharmacokinetic and physiological processes involved.
Effects of concomitant exposure to styrene and intense noise on rats’ whole lung tissues. Biochemical and histopathological studies
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Mojtaba Haghighat, Abdolamir Allameh, Mohammad Fereidan, Ali Khavanin, Zahrasadat Ghasemi
Styrene (ST) is a widely used industrial organic solvent. A considerable portion of exposures to ST is believed to occur occupationally among workers of the reinforced plastics industry such as boat and automobile manufacturing, plastic packaging, and rubber and resin production (Cohen et al.2002, McCague et al.2015). It is well-documented that excessive exposure to ST may contribute to hypersensitivity pneumonitis, asthma, obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), diffuse cell damage involving the tracheal, bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium, together with ototoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity (IARC Group 2B) (Coccini et al.1997, Lataye et al.2000). ST has also been shown to be hepatotoxic, pneumotoxic and ototoxic in rodents. Previous studies have established that organic solvents exert their toxicity through oxidative stress as a result of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation (Mattia et al.1993, Rababa’h et al.2016). These unstable molecules can damage cellular lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in DNA.
Carcinogenic and health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene and styrene in the petrochemical industry using the US Environmental Protection Agency method
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Vahid Ahmadi-Moshiran, Ali Asghar Sajedian, Ahmad Soltanzadeh, Fatemeh Seifi, Rozhin Koobasi, Neda Nikbakht, Mohsen Sadeghi-Yarandi
Another VOC produced in the petrochemical industry is styrene. Styrene is widely used in the manufacture of acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene and styrene (ABS) copolymer, plastics, rubber, polyester resin, fiberglass, toys, home appliances, etc. [13–15]. Styrene, with the chemical formula C6H5CH=CH2 or C8H8, is a benzene-derived aromatic hydrocarbon with a sweet smell that is colorless and vaporizes quickly [16,17]. Exposure to styrene causes toxic effects, including changes in the peripheral and central nervous system (such as drowsiness, headache, imbalance), skin and respiratory system irritation and mild liver damage [18]. Significant correlations have been found between exposure to styrene and impaired color recognition (as the most apparent sign of styrene neurotoxicity), hearing loss and neurocognitive disorder [19]. The IARC has designated group 2B (probable carcinogen) for this substance [15,20]. Previous studies have shown that exposure to styrene is a risk factor for benign respiratory diseases [19].
Exploring the internal exposome of seminal plasma with semen quality and live birth: A Pilot Study
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Emily Houle, YuanYuan Li, Madison Schroder, Susan L McRitchie, Tayyab Rahil, Cynthia K Sites, Susan Jenkins Sumner, J. Richard Pilsner
Styrene, a chemical used as an additive in food packaging, is a benzene derivative and is suspected to impact sperm quality (Kolstad et al. 1999). However, styrene was significantly (p < .05) higher in the LB group than in the NLB group. A polyphenol metabolite related to fruit consumption, 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, was higher in the NSQ than the LSQ (p < .1) and higher in the LB group than the NLB group (p < .1). Mercapturic acids, (R,S)-N-Acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine and N-Acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-propionamide)-L-cysteine (OL2a) were identified in seminal plasma, with higher relative abundance in the LSQ group compared with the NSQ (p < .1). Monoethyl phthalate (OL2a) and N-hepthylparaben (OL2b) were higher in the LSQ group than the NSQ (p < .1) group. Exposure to phthalates and parabens can occur during ingesting of foods and beverages and the use of personal care products.
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