The patient with acute respiratory problems
Peate Ian, Dutton Helen in Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Steroids may also be used because of their powerful anti-inflammatory properties. Inhaled steroids are effective in reducing exacerbations in both asthma and COPD. Oral steroids also can reduce airway inflammation and should be prescribed for all patients experiencing an acute asthma attack. Normally, oral doses of prednisolone, 40–50mg daily for up to 5 days, are administered. Intravenous hydrocortisone is a potent anti-inflammatory, but has many common side effects, such as Cushing’s syndrome, electrolyte imbalance, fluid retention and cognitive impairment, and therefore is normally reserved for life-threatening respiratory conditions such as airway obstruction secondary to anaphylactic shock or life-threatening asthma (British Thoracic Society Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network 2016).
Organotin Chemistry
Nate F. Cardarelli in Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
The steroids are a class of structurally related natural products found in plants and animals. All steroids have a tetracyclic cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene hydrocarbon skeleton consisting of one five- and three six-membered saturated rings which can be variously substituted by carboxylate or hydroxyl groups on aliphatic side chains or on the central ring system itself. The steric relationships within the steroid skeleton and among the attached functional groups are very specific. For example, the attached groups can either be situated above or below the plane of the rings, and up to nine asymmetric carbon atoms are found in the steroid skeleton. The relative configurations of the linking carbon atoms determine whether the junctures between the rings will be trans or cis. A typical system composed of six asymmetric carbons will have a possible 64 stereoisomers. The sterols, from which the name of the class derives, are monovalent alcohols with a secondary hydroxyl group. The best known is cholesterol. However, other commonly occurring steroids contain combinations of hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups, with primary as well as secondary alcohol functions.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction as a Sample Preparation Tool in Analytical Toxicology
Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine in Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
The SF-CO2 solubilities of some individual and classes of compounds of interest to toxicologists have been determined by a number of investigators. Among these compounds are the steroids. In 1986, Wong and Johnston19 obtained the solubilities of cholesterol, stigmasterol, and ergosterol in SF-CO2 with and without co-solvents over a range of 10 to 35 MPa. The solubility curves for these compounds measured at 35°C are shown in Figure 5–1. Although these sterols are similar in structure, large differences were observed in their solubilities. For instance, cholesterol exhibited three times greater solubility in SF-CO2 than stigmasterol and 50 times greater solubility than ergosterol. These differences in sterol solubility were attributed to corresponding wide differences in vapor pressures, with the vapor pressure of cholesterol about two times greater than stigmasterol and 35 times greater than ergosterol. This example illustrates an important difference between SFE and conventional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), namely, that interactions or physical properties that are not important in organic solvent-based extractions may assume a larger significance in solute-CO2 extractions. Another study by Lee et al.20 determined the solubilities of cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone in SF-CO2 and mixtures of SF-CO2 and N2O between 8 and 25 MPa. This study demonstrated that these compounds were soluble in the SFs at concentrations 104 to 106 greater than predicted only by the ideal gas law.
Assessment of Toxicity and Wound Healing Activity of Selaginella Bryopteris Extract
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Shravan Kumar Paswan, Pritt Verma, Sajal Srivastava, Chandana Venkateswara Rao
Wound healing or repair of tissue is a linear process that involves the proliferation of cells with the integration of blood cells, soluble mediators, the proliferation of parenchymal cells and the production of extracellular matrix (Gonzalez et al.2016). Treatment for wound healing includes glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis (Su et al.2010). Steroids are used to reduce pain, inflammation and duration of healing. However, these conventional drug therapies caused toxicities (Rowan et al.2015). On the other hand, in spite of several advancements in modern scientific research, traditional medicines are still a major source for treating numerous diseases. The demand for herbal medicines has been increasing continuously throughout the world due to their effectiveness and lesser side effects (Yuan et al. 2016; Ekor, 2014).
An evaluation of the pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of adult phimosis. A systematic review of the evidence
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Anna Lygas, Hrishikesh Bhaskar Joshi
Phimosis is a common clinical condition in the adults. It results in a variety of symptoms that affect patient’s health related quality of life (HRQoL). It is generally a progressive condition in adults, especially in a group of patients such as those with diabetes. Topical steroids are often prescribed as a first-line treatment in the hope of resolution of symptoms, prevention of subsequent complications, and the need of surgical intervention. The practice is often preferred in the primary as well as secondary care. However, it has a very limited evidence base. The lack of evidence surrounds many factors related to the patients and clinicians, pharmacological agents used and the service providers and commissioners. Although considered to be safe, its true effectiveness, across adult population as a whole, remains poorly established.
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Etiology, Clinical Manifestation, Diagnosis and Treatment
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Yulong Yin, Xianghua Liu, Qingjie Meng, Xiaogang Han, Haomeng Zhang, Yonggang Lv
Steroids therapy is the core treatment of IGM. As initial therapy, corticosteroid have been preferred to surgery for IGM [87], with successful outcomes in up to 75% of IGM patients [35]. Likewise, a meta-analysis containing 3060 patients revealed that steroids therapy was the most frequent treatment no matter in developed (69% of cases) or developing countries (75% of cases) [88]. However, long-term use of steroids is injurious due to the well-known, potentially serious adverse reactions, such as weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance, peptic ulcer, osteoporosis, Cushing's syndrome and even mental disorders. Therefore, the dosage of steroids used in IGM treatment should be as low as possible, and the duration of treatment should be adapted to the disease response. However, the current consensus favors a 3–6-month treatment rather than a short course (4–5 weeks), to prevent recurrence [89, 90]. The study by Azlina et al., had an alarmingly high 50% recurrence rate after short-course treatment (4 weeks, 60 mg/day) [91]. High-dose steroid treatment (50 mg/day), confirmed by Montazer et al., had not only a significantly better rate of symptom improvement (93.3% vs. 53.3%) but also a dramatically lower recurrence rate (0% vs. 37.5%) than the low-dose group (5 mg/day) [92]. In general, steroids therapy has reliable efficacy for the initial treatment of IGM [89], and long-duration, adequate-dose administration is recommended.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Animal
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- Organic Compound
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- Cell Membrane
- Bile
- Cholesterol
- Bicyclic Molecule
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