Potential of Pseudocereals in Celiac Disease
Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan in Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
It has also been demonstrated in several studies that protein bioavailability in amaranth is of a high level and is significantly greater than that found in common cereals.2 In both amaranth, lipid content is between 2 and 3 times higher than that found in wheat.2 Fat content in amaranth rangrs from 5.7% to 10.9%56 and contains a high level of unsaturated fatty acids (75%–77.1%). Of these, the most common fatty acids are linoleic acid (50% of total), oleic acid (25%), and palmitic acid (20%).2 In addition, amaranth is an excellent source of 6% squalene, which is significantly higher than that commonly found in oils from other cereal grains.2 Squalene is a terpenoid compound, which is common in the unsaponifiable elements of cereal grains often used in the cosmetic industry and in skincare products. As a food constituent, squalene is important as a result of its cholesterol-lowering abilities that result from the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in the liver.18
The Space Shuttle
Norman Begg in The Remarkable Story of Vaccines, 2023
An adjuvant is an important ingredient for some vaccines. These performance-enhancing substances are very useful from a manufacturing perspective. With an improved immune response, it is possible to lower the amount of the active component in the vaccine and make more doses. This can be critical when manufacturing needs to be ramped up quickly, for example in a response to a flu pandemic. The science of adjuvants has mushroomed in recent years. Many naturally derived products have been found to enhance the immune response to vaccines. Squalene is an oil found in many plants and animals, especially sharks. The oil that lubricates human skin and hair contains squalene. It is used as an adjuvant for some flu vaccines. Another adjuvant, monophosphoryl liquid (MPL) is isolated from the surface of a type of salmonella bacteria. The ingredients of these modern bespoke adjuvants are not so easy to come by. For example, one adjuvant is derived from a plant extract from a soap bark tree, Quillaja saponaria, which grows only in central Chile, in protected plantations.
Peptide Vaccine
Mesut Karahan in Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
In vaccine formulation, emulsions protect antigens from rapid degradation, increase antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells, and activate the non-specific immune response locally, thereby improving the immune response (Koh et al. 2006). MF59 is the first oil-in-water emulsion of squalene adjuvant, developed in the 1990s by Novartis, composed of squalene oil and surfactant (Span 85 and Tween 80) (O’Hagan et al. 2013). Squalene is a naturally occurring organic compound which offers the potential of a low level of toxicity. Studies showed that MF-59 adjuvanted influenza vaccines had superior immunogenicity than alum adjuvant for influenza vaccine with a high safety profile (O’Hagan 2007; Black 2015). However, MF59 may induce inflammatory arthritis and reactogenicity (Sanina 2019). Another squalene-based adjuvant is GSK’s AS03 used in Pandemrix, a A/H1N1 pandemic flu vaccine.
The Adjuvant Effect of Squalene, an Active Ingredient of Functional Foods, on Doxorubicin-Treated Allograft Mice
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Hari Narayan Bhilwade, Naoto Tatewaki, Tetsuya Konishi, Miyako Nishida, Takahiro Eitsuka, Hironobu Yasui, Osamu Inanami, Osamu Handa, Yuji Naito, Nobuo Ikekawa, Hiroshi Nishida
Squalene (SQ) is a physiological substance present in nature both in plant as well as in animal food resources. It is especially concentrated in olive oil and shark liver oil. Absorption of SQ in different tissues varies in humans. Earlier studies showed that skin has highest level of SQ accumulation followed by adipose tissue, lymph node, arterial intima, myocardium, skeletal muscle, and kidney (6). The serum half-life of SQ is about 74 min (7). SQ is one of the examples of functional food factors which protects humans from coronary heart diseases and is also used to maintain skin health. Epidemiological studies of breast and colon cancers in several Mediterranean populations have demonstrated that increased dietary intake of olive oil is associated with decreased risk of cancer (8). Use of SQ as functional food is increasing worldwide. Global market size by raw material (vegetable, synthetic, animal), by application (food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics) containing SQ was USD 111.9 million in 2015 (9). SQ is widely used commercially for numerous vaccine and drug delivery emulsions due to its stability enhancing effects and biocompatibility. The SQ content (v/v) of some of the important commercial formulations and Vaccine Adjuvant is as follows: MF59®: 2.5%; AS03: 2.5% (oil-in-water parenteral emulsions) and Montanide® ISA 720: 70%; TiterMax® Classic and Gold: 10–50%; Hoskinson: 35% (water-in-oil parenteral emulsions) (10).
Effects of a synbiotic on the fecal microbiome and metabolomic profiles of healthy research cats administered clindamycin: a randomized, controlled trial
Published in Gut Microbes, 2019
Jacqueline C. Whittemore, Jennifer E. Stokes, Joshua M. Price, Jan S. Suchodolski
In this study, marked reductions in relative abundance of Bacteroides spp and members of the Clostridium subcluster XIVa occurred, and abundances for Ruminococcaceae spp significantly differed between treatment groups. Profiles for squalene and putrescine differed significantly over time, with concurrent significant differences between treatment groups for squalene. Similar changes were found in the previously mentioned studies of the microbiome1,3 and metabolome1 of cats administered antibiotics with or without pro- or synbiotics. In the latter study, putrescine profiles were persistently reduced in cats administered clindamycin with a placebo while similar suppression was not identified in cats administered a synbiotic. Squalene previously has been found to inhibit ornithine decarboxylase,36 which is responsible for conversion of ornithine to putrescine, the first of several polyamines. Because squalene is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol,36 alterations in its profiles also must be considered in concert with noted changes for dihydrocholesterol profiles. As such, concomitant quantification of bacterial changes and polyamine concentrations in the mucosa and feces of animals administered antibiotics with and without synbiotics will be necessary to determine whether ameliorative effects of synbiotics on AAGS are mediated through maintenance of polyamine concentrations.
Design and evaluation of novel topical formulation with olive oil as natural functional active
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Ana Henriques Mota, Catarina Oliveira Silva, Marisa Nicolai, André Baby, Lídia Palma, Patrícia Rijo, Lia Ascensão, Catarina Pinto Reis
Olive oil-encapsulated into alginate beads can be an interesting approach for new cosmetic products and sunscreens, incorporating both a natural product and a biocompatible polymer, for antioxidant and anti-aging effects (Fitó et al. 2007; Kim 2011). Another advantage of this system is that alginate and olive oil show naturally hydrating properties. Squalene, which is greatly present in olive oil as part of its unsaponifiable fraction, is the natural skin lipid with highest hydration level and protective action (Korać and Khambholja 2011). Also, vitamin E present in olive oil can increase skin hydration and water-binding capacity, which is of great importance when applied to a cosmetic base (Korać and Khambholja 2011). As for alginate, its application on wound healing process is very common, since this hydrogel can moisturize the wound environment, with suitable mechanical and biocompatible properties, and also deliver bioactives to improve skin diseases’ treatment (e.g., antimicrobial compounds or matrix regenerative factors) (Lee and Mooney 2012; Schmitt et al. 2015). Therefore, and considering all those indicators, we conducted in vivo tolerance assays and we measured the skin hydration and the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) for R olive oil encapsulated beads in both Beeler and Lanette creams.
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