Biting Insect and Tick Allergens
Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford in Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2014
Control of biting insects in the home should emphasize avoidance. Screens should be used on all doors and windows. Various forms of flypaper traps, with and without attractants, are effective and environmentally friendly. One highly recommended type is clear and is placed on glass doors and windows; another uses 7 W light bulbs. Control of fleas from pets, particularly in warm and humid areas, can be extremely difficult. Veterinarians can recommend several programs, including the use of growth regulators that are fed to dogs and cats to prevent development of adult fleas and substances that are spotted onto the animal and absorbed through the skin, or others that are injected. The most effective agent at the present is oral spinosad. The extensive use of conventional anti-acetyl cholinesterase pesticides is ineffective and leads to development of resistant fleas. Animals should be regularly washed and carpets and furniture regularly vacuumed to help control fleas.
Biting insect and tick allergens
Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford in Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Control of biting insects in the home should emphasize avoidance. Screens should be used on all doors and windows. Various forms of flypaper traps, with and without attractants, are effective and environmentally friendly. One highly recommended type is clear and is placed on glass doors and windows; another uses 7-W light bulbs. Control of fleas from pets, particularly in warm and humid areas, can be difficult. Veterinarians can recommend several programs, including the use of growth regulators that are fed to dogs and cats to prevent development of adult fleas and substances that are spotted onto the animal and absorbed through the skin or others that are injected. The most effective agent at the present is oral spinosad. The extensive use of conventional antiacetyl cholinesterase pesticides is ineffective and leads to development of resistant fleas. Animals should be regularly washed and carpets and furniture regularly vacuumed to help control fleas.
Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
“Bert” Bertis Britt Little in Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Spinosad is a topical mixture of pediculicidal tetracyclic macrolides. Spinosad reached non-detectable systemic concentrations of the agent after topical application because it is poorly absorbed through the skin, and is rapidly metabolized and excreted. No human studies are published of spinosad exposure during pregnancy. Animal studies using oral spinosad were negative for teratogenic effects. It is an FDA category B agent.
Spinosad topical suspension (0.9%): a new topical treatment for scabies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Deepani D Fernando, Katja Fischer
Similar to ivermectin, permethrin and most other scabicides ever used, spinosad is thought to act on insect neuro-muscular system [39]. Pharmacokinetics data of spinosad suspension in human skin is unavailable, as the systemic absorption of spinosad was undetectable (<3 ng/ml) following 10 minutes (for head lice) of application of 0.9% or 1.8% spinosad in children and over 12 hours after a single 6 hour application of 0.9% spinosad suspension (for scabies) in 4–16 year olds [39,41,44,45]. Hence, it is indeed likely that the drugs’ systemic absorption is poor. The Benzyl alcohol pharmacokinetics data recorded during the same study revealed that this component was undetectable after 3 hours post treatment in all subjects [45]. The Cmax and Tmax of benzyl alcohol in plasma were 2.7 (±1.1) µg/ml and 1.4 (±1.2) hours respectively [45]. In addition, a phase IV trial is currently underway, focusing on pharmacokinetics and safety data of a 6 hour application in the age group of children aged younger than 4 years, which is scheduled to be completed in 2023 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05310734).
The effects of spinosad on antioxidant system and cognitive performance of mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Abdullah Acar, Hasan Akkoc, Meral Erdinc
Spinosad is an effective insecticide produced by natural fermentation from Saccharopolyspora spinosa of the actinomycete class and classified as chemical macrocyclic lactones. It was first discovered in 1980 and introduced to the world as an insecticide with a new natural low toxicity (Thompson et al.2000). Spinosyn contains two effective substances, spinosyns A and D. The ratio of these two substances is 85% and 15%, respectively (Piner and Uner 2013). Spinosad easily dissolves in water and organic solvents such as acetone and methanol. Half of its life in nature varies between 1.6 days and 17 days, depending on the ambient conditions. It is frequently used to control many agricultural product pests, especially cotton, corn, potato, apple, and tobacco (Breslin et al.2000). Spinosad penetrates the skin through contact with the skin or from stomach and shows its effect by creating excitation in the nervous system. This is done by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR) receptors. It also affects the GABA-associated chloride channels through gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors. Excessive stimulation of motor neurons in insects leads to involuntary contractions, tremor, and eventually paralysis (Salgado et al.1998, Watson 2001). Spinosad is considered to be an environmental protective insecticide, showing a fairly low toxic effect profile on mammals. Acute oral dose of LD50 was determined as 3738 mg/kg in male rats and 5000 mg/kg in mice (Thompson et al.2000). However, recent studies have shown that spinosad can have toxic effects on mammals. In these studies, the authors stated that spinosad targeted especially antioxidant system (Pérez-Pertejo et al.2008, Piner and Uner 2013). These studies showed that oxidative stress, DNA damage, and chromosome fractures increase in spinosad tissues and induce apoptosis (Aboul-Enein et al.2012). Although there is an increase in the number of studies in this topic, there is a lack of knowledge about the effects of spinosad on the central nervous system, especially on cognitive functions. In this study, we aimed to reveal the effects of spinosad on cognitive functions in mice. In order to see the effects of spinosad in increasing doses, we used three different doses in our study. We used behavioural tests to evaluate cognitive functions.
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