Autofluorescence as a Parameter to Study Pharmaceutical Materials
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina in Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting the growth and productivity of plants in many areas of the world due to the increasing use of poor-quality water for irrigation and soil salinization (Gupta and Huang 2014). The typical definition of a halophyte is a plant species that can survive and reproduce under growth conditions with more than 200 mM NaCl. It has been conservatively estimated that there is approximately 1000 million ha of salt-affected land throughout the world (Liu et al. 2018). Salt stress is a combination of ionic stress due to the chaotropic effects of incoming Na+ and Cl– and osmotic stress resulting from a decrease in water potential (Lugan et al. 2010). The result of these disturbances in water management is a loss of turgor, inhibition of cell elongation, stomatal closure, and decrease in the intensity of photosynthesis (Cassaniti et al. 2012). Therefore, it is important to carry out studies that allow the selection of suitable, salt-tolerant species. Some medicinal plants have the ability to grow under salinity due to the presence of different mechanisms for salt tolerance; such plants are known as salt-resisting plants, salt-tolerating plants, or halophytes (Aslam et al. 2011).
Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
As in the case of essential oils, the small-fruited coriander (C. sativum, var. microcarpum) produces more oil. However, the content of petroselinic acid is higher in the large-fruited variety (C. sativum, var. vulgare) (Kiralan et al. 2009). Soil salinity does not encourage FA accumulation, especially the unsaturated FAs (Neffati and Marzouk 2008). On the other hand, the FA profile of coriander leaves was quite different. A high content of PUFA was observed with α-linolenic acid constituting 39.4–41.1% of total FAs. Other identified FAs in coriander leaves include linoleic, heptadecenoic and palmitic acids (Neffati and Marzouk 2008).
Cultivation of Muntries (Kunzea pomifera F. Muell.)
Yasmina Sultanbawa, Fazal Sultanbawa in Australian Native Plants, 2017
The prostrate, low-growing habit makes muntries a good option for windy areas, as a ground cover, land reclamation or even commercial plantings; however, where trellises are used, wind tends to break stems. It is also tolerant to soil salinity, which makes it suitable for areas which are unsuitable for most horticultural crops. The variety, K. pomifera Rivoli Bay muntries, has been granted plant breeders’ rights (Plant Breeders’ Rights, 1999).
Geochemical assessment of groundwater contaminants and associated health risks in the Shivalik region of Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Sunil Mittal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Kumar Sahoo
Irrigation water quality indices mainly depend upon soil salinity and sodicity, which can limit plant growth in irrigated agricultural land. The accumulation of soluble salts in the soil profile is termed as soil salinity. Whenever soluble salt concentration exceeds the crop tolerance limit, it poses adverse effect on crops. Soil sodicity is another major factor affected by salinity, which infers the soil physico-chemical properties of soil (Farahmand et al. 2011). Soil sodicity becomes effective whenever the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) exceeds 15%. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) estimates the degree of soil solidity (the relative amount of Na in comparison with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in transitional sites), as follows (Quirk 2001).
Evaluating the role of gamma irradiation to ameliorate salt stress in corn
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Alireza Shaebani Monazam, Mohammad Ali Norouzian, Mehdi Behgar, Azam Borzouei, Hedayat Karimzadeh
Soil and water salinity are among the most critical problems of modern agriculture. Soil salinity occurs due to improper irrigation operations, as well as deforestation and destruction of natural vegetation, during the construction of new lands for agriculture (Flowers and Flowers 2005). In addition to 21% of agricultural land being naturally saline, another 19% have recently suffered from salinity (Chinnusamy et al. 2006). Therefore, applying appropriate strategies for minor damage to plants under salt stress is necessary.
Impact of gamma irradiation pretreatment on the growth of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) seedlings grown under salt and drought stress
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Crops grown in arid and semi-arid regions are often exposed to adverse environmental factors such as high soil salinity and drought (Rejili et al. 2008). Drought affects more than 10% of arable land, causing desertification especially in arid and semi-arid areas, while salinization is rapidly increasing on a global scale, reducing average yields for most major crops (Bray et al. 2000; Hussain et al. 2016). Therefore, tolerant crops need to be improved against these abiotic stress factors. Gamma irradiation pretreatment is one of the widely used techniques in many crops to enhance their tolerance to salt stress and/or drought stress (Rejili et al. 2008; Moussa 2011; El-Beltagi et al. 2013; Sen and Alikamanoğlu 2014; Kumar et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2018). It has been widely applied in biology in terms of its biological effects induced by low-dose and high-dose inhibition and can cause cytological, biochemical, physiological and morphological changes in cells and tissues to affect plant growth and development (Kiong et al. 2008; Melki and Dahmani 2009). The biological effect of gamma rays is based on their interaction with atoms or molecules in the cell, particularly water, to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Kovacs and Keresztes 2002). ROS that include superoxide (O2–), hydroxyl radical (HO.), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and singlet oxygen (1O2) create oxidative damage on the DNA, proteins and lipids in the cell (Tripathy and Oelmüller 2012). Plants possess enzymatic ROS scavenging mechanisms which include superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and non-enzymatic ROS scavenging mechanisms which include proline (osmoprotectant). In many studies, it has been reported that plants with induced ROS scavenging mechanisms became more tolerant against salt and drought stress factors (Saddiqe et al. 2016; Bouchemal et al. 2017; Gulen et al. 2018; Mehmood et al. 2018). Salt and drought stress tolerance is also related to induction of chlorophyll contents and inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a product of lipid peroxidation (Abbasi et al. 2016; Bouchemal et al. 2017).