Hair Coloring
Dale H. Johnson in Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Surfactants in the dye base help to remove dye deposited on the hair surface, which contributes to a poor feel and dull appearance. These surfactants also guide the home user during product application to ensure uniform hair coverage. Typical surfactants may be soap-based oleic acid derivatives or, more recently, the nonionic ethoxylated phenols. Most dye ingredients are only slightly soluble in water, and therefore organic solvents are required to dissolve them during product manufacture and to maintain solution during storage. Glycols and alcohols are used for this purpose. The dyes are also sensitive to oxidation, and antioxidants must be added to prevent the formation of dark-colored product during both manufacture and storage of the product. Sodium sulfite is the most commonly used antioxidant, and a nitrogen blanket may be used during manufacturing. The dyeing process is generally repeated every 30 to 45 days as new growth dictates. Since some users customize their own shade by combining two or more of the commercial shades, the effectiveness of antioxidants is severely taxed by storage of the half-full bottles of dye during this time.
Corrosives
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach in Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
The following sulfur oxides occur as atmosphere contaminants: sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) along with the products of their reactions with water, sulfurous acid (H2SO3), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4), respectively. Sulfur monochloride (S2Cl2) and thionyl chloride (SOCl2) are used in industrial processes. A number of salts of sulfur oxides are used as bleaches, oxidizers, reducing agents, and cleaning agents. Their estimated fatal doses and exposure limits (if established) are as follows: sodium hydrogensulfate (sodium bisulfate, NaHSO4), 10 g; sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), 10 g; sodium hydrosulfite (sodium sulfoxylate, Na2S2O4), 30 g; sodium hydrogensulfite (sodium bisulfite, NaHSO3), 10 g, 5 mg/m3; sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5), 10 g, 5 mg/m3; sodium, potassium, or ammonium persulfate (Na2S2O8, K2S2O8, [NH4]2S2O8), 10 g, 0.5 mg/m3; sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), 50 g. Sodium hydrosulfite releases sulfur dioxide on contact with acids. Persulfate salts release ozone and sulfuric acid on contact with water.
Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
A male patient presented himself with an itchy dermatitis on the forearms, backs of the hands, and legs. His job was to repair agricultural engines. By doing this, he had developed irritant contact dermatitis of the hands from contact with oil, frequent washing, and mechanical stress to the skin. For 2 months, the patient had been using neem oil on his hands, arms, and legs to treat his dry skin. Within 2 weeks, an itchy rash appeared at the sites of application. Patch tests revealed positive reactions to sodium metabisulfite, ketoconazole cream (which contains sodium sulfite), and neem oil. The product contained 99.9% neem oil and 0.1% tocopherol. Later, the patient was tested with tocopherol 10% and 30% in arachis oil and retested with the neem oil, which again gave a positive reaction to the oil; there were no reactions to tocopherol. Twenty-three controls were tested with the neem oil product with negative results. The reactions to sodium metabisulfite and ketoconazole cream were of past relevance (12).
Injectable oxygenation therapeutics: evaluating the oxygen delivery efficacy of artificial oxygen carriers and kosmotropes in vitro
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Meghna S. Jayaraman, Kaitlin Graham, Evan C. Unger
Sodium chloride was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Sodium sulphite was purchased from J.T. Baker. Purified water (18MΩ·cm) from an in-house purification system was used as the diluent. Dissolved O2 measurements were obtained using an Oakton DO110 metre. Silastic tubing (1.47 mm I.D. × 1.96 mm O.D.) was purchased from VWR. The finished medicinal product, 2% w/v dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe), manufactured by NuvOx Pharma (Tucson, AZ) was used [19]. Specifically, a 30% sucrose solution was homogenised along with PTB and DDFP. The emulsion was processed using a semi-sealed, stainless steel containment system attached to an Avestin Emulsiflex-C50 homogeniser keeping the temperature below 8 °C. The homogenates were then subject to terminal sterile filtration immediately prior to filling into 10 ml vials. Particle sizing by Nycomp showed a mean particle size of approximately 250 nm. The PTB + Sucrose solution was prepared by adding 0.779 g of purified PTB into 150 ml of a buffered sugar solution composed of sodium phosphate (Sigma Aldrich) and sucrose (Emprove Low Endotoxin Sucrose). Lastly, the stabilised TSC solution was prepared in accordance with the referenced United States Patent 6,060,511 by combining TSC with a mixture of 8% cyclodextrin (Sigma Aldrich) and 2.3% mannitol (Sigma Aldrich) [20].
Effect of cabergoline alginate nanocomposite on the transgenic Drosophila melanogaster model of Parkinson’s disease
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
Saba Khanam, Falaq Naz, Fahad Ali, Rahul Smita Jyoti, Ambreen Fatima, Wasi Khan, Braj Raj Singh, A. H. Naqvi, Yasir Hasan Siddique
Dopamine content was measured as per the method described by Schlumpf et al. (1974). Twenty heads (5 replicates/group) of flies from each group were taken in 500 μl of HCl–butanol (0.85 ml of 37% HCl in 1 l n-butanol) After homogenization, the samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min. After collecting the supernatant, 250 μl of heptane and 100 μl of 0.1 M HCl were added. The samples were vortexed and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min. The upper organic phase was discarded and the lower aqueous phase was kept for dopamine assay. To 100 μl of aqueous phase, 50 μl of 0.4 M HCl, 100 μl of sodium acetate buffer (pH = 6.9), 100 μl of iodine solution was added and kept for 2 min. The reaction was stopped by adding of 100 μl of sodium sulfite solution. After 2 min, 100 μl of acetic acid (10 M) was added and then the mixture was heated at 100 °C for 6 min. The OD was taken at 375 nm after cooling the samples at room temperature.
Glucosamine modulates membrane and cellular ionic homeostasis: studies on accelerated senescent and naturally aged rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Komal Saraswat, Raushan Kumar, Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
The erythrocyte PMCA activity was estimated by following the protocol of Pandey and Rizvi [9]. The erythrocyte membrane (200 µl) was incubated with a reaction medium (containing 3 mM MgCl2, 80 mM NaCl, 15 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EGTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) and 0.5 mM ouabain) with or without CaCl2 (0.2 mM) at 37°C for 30 minutes. Calmodulin was present at the concentration of 40 units/ml. 6 mM ATP was used to initiate the reaction. The stop solution contains 1.4 ml of a cold solution containing 0.5 M H2SO4, 0.5% ammonium molybdate, and 2% SDS. The samples were shaken for 10 min and 0.04 ml of a solution containing 1.2% sodium metabisulphite, 1.2% sodium sulfite and 0.2% of 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (ANSA) was added to each sample. After incubating the reaction mixture for 30 minutes, the samples were centrifuged at 800 × g for 5 minutes and the absorbance was taken at 650 nm. The activity of PMCA was expressed as µmol Pi/mg protein/hour at 37°C.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Inorganic Compound
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- Preservative
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- Sodium Thiosulfate
- Sulfur Dioxide
- Chemical Formula
- Sodium Hydroxide
- Wellman–Lord Process