Supercritical Fluid Extraction as a Sample Preparation Tool in Analytical Toxicology
Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine in Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
Biological matrices, such as blood, urine, and tissues, generally must be desiccated and dispersed before SFE. Typically, these samples are mixed with an adsorbent such as sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, or Hydromatrix. There are advantages and limitations associated with the use of these adsorbents. For instance, sodium sulfate is a good desiccant; however, it may dissolve in the presence of large amounts of water. Magnesium sulfate has also been used as an SFE desiccant; however, it may bind too tightly to the sample matrix and thus restrict fluid flow. Hydromatrix, first reported as an SFE dispersing agent by Hopper and King62 in 1991, does not have these limitations. Hydromatrix is a pelletized form of diatomaceous earth that has a large surface area/volume (>200 m2/g). It reacts physically with water, rather than chemically like desiccants such as sodium sulfate. Hydromatrix is an inexpensive adsorbent, compared with some support materials, which is an important consideration when a large number of samples are routinely processed.
Miscellaneous chemicals *
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach in Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
The anionic detergents irritate the skin by removing natural oils, causing redness, soreness, and papular dermatitis. In sensitive persons they also cause thickening of the skin with weeping, cracking, scaling, and blistering. Ingestion causes oropharyngeal irritation, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, intestinal distension, and occasionally vomiting. Fatalities from ingestion have not been reported. Animal experiments on anionic detergents without additives indicate that the LD50 ranges from 1 to 5 g/kg. The maximum safe amount for children may be estimated at 0.1–1 g/kg. The following are typical compounds: alkyl sodium sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium alkyl phosphate, sodium aryl alkyl sulfonate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (docusate), and sodium oleate. The presence of enzymes does not increase the toxicity, but the enzymes are potent sensitizers. In pregnant women concentrated soap enema at term has caused colitis and possible fetal injury.
Effervescent Granulation
Dilip M. Parikh in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
The ingredients of effervescent dosage forms require having low moisture content and to be easily soluble. Because of the nature of the effervescence reaction, additional excipients are sparingly used as the alkaline and acid ingredients are also the fillers to get a tablet bulk. They are, indeed, in such a large amount that tablets are much larger than the conventional ones. In case it would be necessary to add a filler, sodium bicarbonate is widely selected because of its lower cost and because it does not influence the final pH of the solution and increases the effervescence effect. Sodium chloride and sodium sulfate are other possible fillers; they are high-density crystalline powders that are very compatible with the other ingredients.
New isoxazolidinyl-based N-alkylethanolamines as new activators of human brain carbonic anhydrases
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Doretta Cuffaro, Riccardo Di Leo, Lidia Ciccone, Alessio Nocentini, Claudiu T. Supuran, Elisa Nuti, Armando Rossello
1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance III HD 400 MHz spectrometer. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in parts per million and coupling constants (J) are reported in hertz (Hz). 13C NMR spectra were fully decoupled. The following abbreviations were used to explain multiplicities: singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), double doublet (dd), broad (br), and multiplet (m). Chromatographic separations were performed on silica gel columns by flash column chromatography (Kieselgel 40, 0.040 0.063 mm, Merck). Reactions were followed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on Merck aluminium silica gel (60 F254) sheets that were visualised under a UV lamp. Evaporation was performed in vacuo (rotating evaporator). Sodium sulphate was always used as the drying agent. Commercially available chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Low-dose of magnesium sulfate solution was not inferior to standard regime of polyethylene glycol for bowel preparation in elderly patients: a randomized, controlled study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Fulin Ge, Xiaoyu Kang, Zeyu Wang, Hailan Zhu, Liang Liao, Ming Wang, Jianjun Jia, Lijun Lou, Xuegang Guo, Yanglin Pan, Jun Wan
Low-volume and split-dose preparations were expected to improve adherence and tolerability, along with decreased adverse events in elderly patients [12]. However, there are data comparing the efficacy of available low-volume bowel preparations in the subpopulation. oral sulfate solutions (OSS), including sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and potassium were demonstrated to be non-inferior vs high volume PEG involving efficacy, good safety, and better tolerability [16,17]. We hypothesized that low-dose magnesium sulfate solution in split-dose may have similar BP efficacy to 3–4 L PEG, but along with better patients tolerability. Here, we design a prospective, non-inferior, randomized, controlled trial to compare the low-dose magnesium sulfate solution (MSS) regime with the standard PEG regime in terms of BP efficacy and acceptability for elderly patients.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzothiazin-4-ones: a possible new class of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Gabriele A. Berwaldt, Daniela P. Gouvêa, Daniel S. da Silva, Adriana M. das Neves, Mayara S. P. Soares, Juliana H. Azambuja, Geonir M. Siqueira, Roselia M. Spanevello, Wilson Cunico
Benzothiazinones derivatives have attracted continuing interest over the years because of their diverse biological activities12. A literature survey reveals that several benzothiazin-4-ones have been prepared based on different synthetic routes: a) from classic primary amine, aldehyde or ketone and thiosalicylic acid as reported by Zarghi et al.17 using p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyst in toluene reflux or as reported by Kamel et al.20 using sodium sulfate in dioxane or as reported by Kitsiou et al.21 and Silverberg et al.11 using propylphosphonic acid anhydride (T3P) as catalyst; b) from 2-aminothiophenol and chloroacetic acid as reported by Shaikh et al.16; c) from aromatic carboxylic acid with ammonium isothiocyanate as reported by Peng et al.22
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