Methods for Casting Airways
Joan Gil in Models of Lung Disease, 2020
The best general-purpose corrosive is a solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide. The sodium salt may form hard soaps with fatty tissue, so if this is a problem the potassium salt can be used. A 3M solution (120g/L of sodium hydroxide or 168 g/L of potassium hydroxide) is usually adequate, though weaker (1 M) and stronger (6 M) solutions can be used. Small lungs are macerated in a day or 2 while larger lungs may take a week or 2. It may help to remove the lungs after a day or 2 and wash them gently with a jet of water to remove partially digested tissues, and then replace them in the macerating solution for a further period. Small lungs can be handled fairly easily, but larger ones, such as human lungs, may distort on lifting with consequent breaking of the cast. Tompsett (1970) recommends the use of a Plexiglás tray in the shape of the posterior thoracic wall to support them during lifting, moving, or washing. When maceration is complete, the cast should be thoroughly washed in water, and may be rinsed in a dilute acid to remove any traces of alkali. Great care should be taken when using any of these corrosive agents. Avoid splashing, and wear goggles, gloves, and aprons. Any material that accidently gets on to the skin or clothing, or in the eyes, must be rinsed off immediately with copious cold water.
Decontextualised Chinese medicines
Vivienne Lo, Michael Stanley-Baker, Dolly Yang in Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine, 2022
Camptotheca acuminata Decne (Xishu 喜樹, tree of joy, Nyssaceae) was first recorded in Illustrated Catalogue of Plants (Zhiwu mingshi tukao 植物名實圖考 1848) and is not widely used in TCM. It was included in 1958 in a screening programme at the Chinese National Cancer Institute (NCI) where it gave positive results. Wood and bark (20kg) were collected for extraction. These extracts were shown to be active in the case of a mouse leukaemia life prolongation assay in which it was unusual to find activity. The fractionation and anticancer testing was a very slow process and finally resulted in the isolation and structural elucidation (in 1966) of camptothecan, a highly unsaturated quinoline alkaloid with a unique (at the time) structure as an α-hydroxylactone. C. acuminata was shown to be extremely active in the life prolongation assay of mice treated with leukaemia cells and in solid tumour inhibition. These activities encouraged the NCI to initiate clinical trials with the water-soluble sodium salt. While the results of some studies conducted in the USA were disappointing, in a clinical trial in China with 1,000 patients the sodium salt showed promising results, for example, against head, neck, gastric, intestinal, and bladder carcinomas.
The minerals
Geoffrey P. Webb in Nutrition, 2019
Later in this chapter, there is an extended discussion of the influence of dietary factors especially dietary salt intake on blood pressure and the incidence of hypertension. Reduced sodium (salt) intake and reducing the prevalence of obesity are the primary focus of attempts to reduce average population blood pressure, the incidence of hypertension and thus reduce the adverse consequences of high blood pressure. Nevertheless, there is a substantial body of observational evidence, discussed in the 1994 COMA report on “Nutritional aspects of cardiovascular disease” to suggest that high potassium intake may have some effect in reducing blood pressure. A Cochrane review and meta-analysis of six RCTs of potassium supplements found that they did not have any significant benefit in treating high blood pressure (Dickinson et al. 2006). These trials were small and of short duration and there was a big disparity between the results of individual trials so the results are not conclusive. In the UK it is recommended that average potassium intake should be increased to 3.5 g/day by increasing the consumption of fruit and vegetables.
Evaluation of anionic surfactants effects on the skin barrier function based on skin permeability
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Mana Okasaka, Koji Kubota, Emi Yamasaki, Jianzhong Yang, Sadaki Takata
pH value is an influential factor for skin irritation. Table 2 shows pH values of 1% surfactant solutions. The most basic anionic surfactants are saponificated fatty acids (i.e. soap). Soapy water is alkaline because of the soap hydrolysis reaction. Therefore, these anionic surfactants may have damaged the healthy mildly acidic skin by hydrolyzing or denaturing skin tissue (Kanikkannan and Singh 2002; James-Smith et al. 2011). Sodium laurate (C), a fatty acid soap, influenced the skin barrier function to the greatest extent (Transmission Index =2.53; Figure 4). The pH of 1% sodium laurate can be as high as 9.92, suggesting a relationship between surfactant properties and their effects on the barrier function. The sulfate series anionic surfactants (A, B) were prepared by the neutralizing strong acid esters from a higher alcohol. These sodium salts are neutral or acidic (Table 2). Therefore, their influence on skin barrier function is weaker than that of fatty acid soaps.
Anthropometric, socio-demographic and biochemical risk factors of hypertension in Lagos, Nigeria
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2021
Charity E. Chukwu, Osaretin A.T. Ebuehi, Janet N.A. Ajuluchukwu, Adedeji H. S. Olashore
The linear relationship of the amount of sodium salt intake and salt sensitivity with blood pressure levels has been elucidated, and previous studies have shown significant decreases in blood pressure with lower salt intake [11]. Studies have suggested that the salt-induced elevation of blood pressure is primarily due to blunted activity of the renin–angiotensin – aldosterone system and renal sympathetic nervous system and that salt sensitivity is common among blacks [11]. Findings from this study indicate that frequent dietary salt intake was more prevalent among cases than controls, and that frequent dietary salt intake was significantly associated with hypertension. Researchers have noted that Lagos residents consume processed and restaurant foods regularly [32], and that most processed and restaurant foods contain high amounts of salt [33,34]. The World Health Organization recommends a reduction in salt intake to less than 5 g/day (sodium 2 g/day)
Soft, chewable gelatin-based pharmaceutical oral formulations: a technical approach
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Morten J. Dille, Magnus N. Hattrem, Kurt I. Draget
Meloxicam is essentially insoluble in water at all pH values, ensuring that the API particles are present only as solid particles in the formulation. This makes meloxicam easy to incorporate in this way, providing good stability and no off-taste without a need for pH adjustments/buffer systems, or other co-solutes. However, some buffer salts were included in the dose to give an acidulous flavor. Acetaminophen is slightly soluble in water, with a solubility of 15 mg/ml in pure water at 25 °C below pH ∼9 (Granberg & Rasmuson 1999). Above this pH, the secondary amine group will get deprotonated, increasing solubility of the molecule (Shaw et al. 2005). Due to the low solubility at pH 5.9, the high amount of acetaminophen in the dose compared to water (15% API vs. ∼25% water), as well as the presence of sugars and salt reducing water activity, the vast majority of the acetaminophen in the soft-chew will be present as undissolved particles. However, a small amount of API will be dissolved, both in the dose and upon mastication. The stability of dissolved acetaminophen is highest between pH 5–7 (Koshy & Lach 1961). The pH in this dose was 5.9, and as seen in Figure 2(b) any small fraction of dissolved acetaminophen is not an issue for storage stability, but it does cause a slight off-taste. To overcome this problem, 1.5% NaCl was added to the dose, as sodium salts are known to significantly reduce acetaminophen off-taste (Keast & Breslin 2002).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Acetic Acid
- Inorganic Compound
- Organic Compound
- Sodium
- Sodium Formate
- Salt
- Conjugate
- Neutralization
- Sodium Hydroxide
- Sodium Acetate