Antiseptics *
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach in Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Boric acid (H3BO3) is a white compound that is soluble to the extent of 5% in water at 20°C. Sodium borate, or borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O), is a white compound that is soluble to the extent of 14% in water at 55°C. Sodium perborate (NaBO3·4H2O) is a white compound that is slightly soluble in cold water and decomposes in hot water. Boron oxide is used in industry. Pentaborane, decaborane, and diborane are used as propellants.
Tooth Whitening Materials
Linda Greenwall in Tooth Whitening Techniques, 2017
There are two main forms of sodium perborate (A. Pala 2014, personal communication): monohydrate (empirical formula NaBO3·H2O, molecular weight 99.81) and tetrahydrate (empirical formula NaBO3·4H2O, molecular weight 153.81). Sodium perborate is not simply a mixture of sodium metaborate and hydrogen peroxide, but rather an entirely different molecule with its own chemical properties.Sodium perborate’s whitening-oxidizing capacity increases with temperature. It works best at temperatures over 55°C.As a whitening agent, sodium perborate is used with organic activators such as tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) to allow the use of sodium perborate at lower temperatures. In these cases peracetic acid is formed as an intermediate compound. Moreover, sodium perborate is stabilized with complex ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in such a way that it is not broken down by ions. Caution should be taken to avoid addition of these chemicals to commercial preparations intended for tooth whitening.The whitening activity of perborates is probably a result of the presence of not only perhydroxyl anion (HO2)−, but also the peroxoborate anion.Sodium perborate has been banned in Europe for use in tooth whitening because it is considered to be fetotoxic and cytotoxic. The European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety is of the opinion that sodium perborate and perboric acid can be considered as “hydrogen peroxide”–releasing substances and thus are covered by entry 12 of Annex III of the Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC (Council of European Dentists 2014).
Further optimisation of a macromolecular ocular irritation test (OptiSafeTM)
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2023
Stewart Lebrun, Sara Chavez, Linda Nguyen, Roxanne Chan
In addition, the protocol was modified so that materials that buffer to an extreme pH with a criteria not met (CNM) result are then retested using the OS mid-range pH buffering PCHP. This resulted in additional substances being classified. Specifically, diethylaminopropionitrile (CASRN 5351–04-2) previously resulted in CNM for all replicates [10]; however, upon retesting with the updates, this substance met the criteria. Likewise, imidazole (CASRN 288–32-4) was CNM for [10]; however, the retest met the criteria. Sodium perborate tetrahydrate (CASRN 10486–00-7) was CNM for all OS replicates [10]. However, with retest, it met the criteria. The change in the PCHP pre-test solubility assessment resulted in the assignment of 2,5-dimethylhexanediol (CASRN 110–03-2) as insoluble for retesting. Additionally, butanedioic acid, sulfo-, 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt (CASRN 577–11-7) was retested using the insoluble procedure. Both of these cases resulted in the correct GHS category 1 classification; but when previously tested, both chemicals were underpredicted. When the change in the buffering capacity PCHP pre-test was applied to 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (CASRN 4659–45-4), the predicted classification did not change. Similarly, the allyl alcohol (CASRN 107–18-6) and sodium chloroacetate (CASRN 3926–62-3) pre-tests indicated a mid-range PCHP but the predicted classifications did not change. Tables 3 and 4 show the resulting differences in the PCHPs.
Clinical and patient reported outcomes of bleaching effectiveness
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Eva Klaric Sever, Zrinka Budimir, Matea Cerovac, Mario Stambuk, Matej Par, Dubravka Negovetic Vranic, Zrinka Tarle
To improve the colour of their teeth, patients often decide on a cosmetic teeth-bleaching treatment. Bleaching is an oxidation reaction where an agent combines with the chromophores to decolourize or solubilize them [6]. Bleaching agents are usually based on hydrogen peroxide (HP), sodium perborate or carbamide peroxide, and can be used with or without an additional light activation. Tooth-bleaching effectiveness, or the extent to which bleaching agent achieves its intended purpose (such as increased tooth lightness and reduced tooth yellowness), mostly depends on the concentration and application time of peroxide [6,7]. There are different types of vital teeth-bleaching procedures including in-office bleaching using high concentrations of bleaching agents with adequate soft tissue protection and at-home bleaching procedures with lower concentration of bleaching agents which are used without dentist supervision [6,8].
Topical preservative-free ophthalmic treatments: an unmet clinical need
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Michele Figus, Luca Agnifili, Manuela Lanzini, Lorenza Brescia, Francesco Sartini, Leonardo Mastropasqua, Chiara Posarelli
Preservatives accomplish their functions through different mechanisms and can be classified according to them. Detergent preservatives, such as BAK, alter the permeability of the cell membrane, by lysing cytoplasmatic contents [9]. In particular, BAK induces necrosis (at concentrations of 0.05–0.1%) and cellular apoptosis (at concentrations of 0.01%) by way of disturbing the cellular membrane in bacterial cells. BAK concentration in ophthalmic formulations ranges from 0.004% to 0.02% [10]. Conversely, oxidant preservatives, such as stabilized oxychloro complex (Purite®) or sodium perborate, penetrate cell membranes, and interfere with cellular functions [11].
Related Knowledge Centers
- ADDuct
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- Chemical Formula
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- Peroxide-Based Bleach
- Ion
- Hydroxy Group
- Cyclohexane Conformation