Skin Morphology, Development and Physiology
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Perturbation of barrier function sometimes, but not always, also induces an inflammatory response that results in irritation. It is important to appreciate that ‘irritation’ is used to describe skin reactions that can range from a mild and transient erythema and/or itch to serious vesiculation. The application of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) almost always results in an irritant response (Patil et al., 1994; Angelova-Fischer et al., 2016). SDS intercalates with the lamellae and increases fluidity in this region resulting in an increase in TEWL. Furthermore, although other surface-active agents, such as sodium laurate and polysorbates, can increase TEWL to similar levels as SDS, the resultant irritation is much less and in some cases, not significantly different to untreated skin. It follows that irritation subsequent to exposure to SDS must be a result of factors other than an increase in water transport and the stimulation of lipogenesis.
Prevention
William Bonnez in Guide to Genital HPV Diseases and Prevention, 2019
There are currently no microbicides available that have been clinically proven to be effective reducing HPV transmission. Nonoxynol-9, is a surfactant and spermicide that was once believed on the basis of in vitro testing to be a microbicide as well. Unfortunately, it was later found to be facilitating the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including HPV, presumably because the compound causes epithelial disruption. Since then sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an alkyl sulfate surfactant, and carrageenan, a linear sulfated polysaccharide derived from seaweed that is commonly used in the food and cosmetic industry, have been shown in vitro or in animal models to be very effective at preventing, among others agents, HPV and HIV infections. The experience with nonoxynol-9 and the recent failure of carrageenan to prevent HIV transmission in a large randomized clinical trial, emphasize the need for conclusive clinical data before these or any other microbicides can be recommended for HPV prevention.
Functions of Glycerine in Cosmetics
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
The work so far in this section uses glycerine in a preapplied formula. Two additional reports described its usefulness when used concurrently with the irritant, as well as when used for postexposure decontamination. In the first case, 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate was tested for irritation on 54 women with and without the addition of 5% glycerine [76]. In the cases where glycerine was used, the cases of irritation dropped from 19% to 7% of the women tested. In the second case, glycerine has been shown to be useful in decontaminating skin exposed to phenolic substances [77]. Rats were given a percutaneous exposure to undiluted phenol and swabbed with water, or methylated spirits, or glycerine, or polyethyleneglycol. The latter two materials were much more effective at reducing mortality and convulsions than either water or methylated spirits. This result is in keeping with the use of glycerine as an essential ingredient of phenol eardrops, as it is well known that it reduces the irritation of phenol to the skin.
Biopharmaceutics considerations for direct oral anticoagulants
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Rafael Pereira de Andrade, Tamires Guedes Caldeira, Bárbara Vasconcelos Vasques, André Luís Morais Ruela, Jacqueline de Souza
Additionally, potential allergic reactions from excipients were considered in this critical analysis. For the four drugs, few differences were observed among these medicines. However, the composition of the four reference medicines in Brazil and US are essentially the same. Some caution is required for sodium dodecyl sulfate and lactose, employed in formulations as surfactant and diluent, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate has been used in rivaroxaban and apixaban medicines, and its contact with mucus membranes can cause acute irritation in the stomach. Lactose has been used in all medicines with DOACs, except edoxaban, and lactose-intolerant people may have symptoms of lactose intolerance. However, these components are usually included in these formulations in very low concentrations, reducing the risks [114,115].
Total mouth photodynamic therapy mediated by blue led and curcumin in individuals with AIDS
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Francine Cristina Da Silva, Luciano Pereira Rosa, Gabriel Pinto De Oliveira Santos, Natália Mayumi Inada, Kate Cristina Blanco, Thalita Santos Dantas Araújo, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
It was also observed in the present study that, regardless of the TCD4 and TCD8 lymphocyte quantification of the patients, aPDT significantly reduced the total number of oral microorganisms in the studied protocol. Most studies analyzing the efficiency of intraoral aPDT are based on this type of reduction, i.e. the reduction of total microorganisms. Leite et al. [24] in a clinical study, like this one, observed a reduction around 1Log10 of CFU/mL in the total microorganism count after aPDT with curcumin and blue LED. The researchers observed that the reduction achieved was significant after 1 h and still significant after 2 h. Panhóca et al. [25] observed a significant reduction in total microorganisms after aPDT with 1 g/L curcumin and blue LED in orthodontic appliance users. The researchers also added sodium dodecyl sulfate to enhance the action of the technique. The authors concluded that the technique can be used as an adjunct to traditional agents to promote oral decontamination in dental clinical practice. Ricc Donato et al. [20] tested intraoral aPDT with LED-activated Photogem and curcumin and observed reduction immediately after it was maintained for 24 h using curcumin.
Preparation and optimization of glyceryl behenate-based highly porous pellets containing cilostazol
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Kyu-Mok Hwang, Woojin Byun, Cheol-Hee Cho, Eun-Seok Park
Drug release studies of the prototype dry granules were performed in the dissolution tester (DST-810, Labfine, Anyang, Korea). Dissolution conditions were as follows: USP paddle method; 75 rpm; 37 ± 0.5 °C. The dissolution medium was an aqueous solution containing 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. In each study, the dosage form containing 200 mg of cilostazol was placed in the dissolution medium. At 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h, 5 mL of the dissolution medium was withdrawn and filtered through a nylon membrane filter (GE Healthcare UK Ltd., Backinghamshire, United Kingdom). At each time point, 5 mL of fresh dissolution medium was added back to maintain the same total volume. The samples were then analyzed using a validate HPLC-UV method. The HPLC equipment was composed of an isocratic pump (L-7100, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), an automatic sampler (L-7200, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), a UV detector (L-7400, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), a column oven (L-7300, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), and an interface (L-7000, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The column used was a Luna C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm particle size, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA). The mobile phase consisted of purified water, acetonitrile and methanol (50:40:10, v/v/v). The wavelength used for detecting cilostazol was 254 nm. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the injected volume was 10 μL at 25 °C.
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