Biochemistry of Buffering Capacity and Ingestion of Buffers In Exercise and Athletic Performance
Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse in The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
There is a perceived lower risk of GI discomfort compared to sodium bicarbonate (91, 95), although side effects still occur with sodium citrate. The most common symptoms include stomach cramps, bloating, nausea, vomiting, urge to defecate, diarrhoea, thirst, and headache (84, 109, 110); essentially the same side effects as sodium bicarbonate. Early studies reported no side effects from sodium citrate doses ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 g·kg−1BM (62, 74, 89), although these investigations failed to adequately record the incidence and severity of side effects, meaning that mild symptoms went unnoticed. Later studies reported side effects with doses of 0.5 g·kg−1BM (83, 84, 110), but GI distress was not experienced by volunteers in all studies (125). Symptom prevalence and severity increase in a dose-dependent manner for intakes of 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 g·kg−1BM (124). Key moderators of these effects appear to be the volume of fluid supplied with the supplement and the time permitted to consume the fluid; concentrated solutions with a higher osmolality are more likely to result in GI distress (65). Higher doses potentiate these symptoms (124), and lower or staggered doses may reduce symptom prevalence and/or severity (74). Side effects may also have an ergolytic effect on exercise, particularly if sodium citrate is ingested 60–90 minutes pre-exercise, which means that individuals would perform exercise at the moment of the highest risk of GI distress and without reaching peak blood alkalosis (124).
Fluid and electrolyte balance in the newborn
Prem Puri in Newborn Surgery, 2017
Acute metabolic acidosis is common in the critically ill newborn. Treatment requires management of the underlying cause. Sodium bicarbonate may be used for severe acidosis by giving a dose of 1–2 mmol/kg of 4.2% sodium bicarbonate diluted in equal volume of water. There is currently no evidence from randomized controlled trials to support its routine use in neonatal resuscitation.69 Its effect on morbidity and mortality has not been well demonstrated. There is controversy about the value of intravenous sodium bicarbonate for correction of metabolic acidosis.70 It is no longer recommended for resuscitation in newborn infants, and although it may correct acidosis in hypotensive shocked infants, this has not been shown to result in improvement in blood pressure or perfusion.71 Sodium bicarbonate infusion has potential side effects. Myocardial function may be depressed from the osmolar load with severe acidosis. Paradoxical intracellular acidosis may occur as well as a reduction in cerebral blood flow and increased risk of IVH. Use of sodium bicarbonate is therefore discouraged unless the infant has prolonged acidosis not responsive to other therapies including adequate ventilation.
Tetracyclines
Thomas T. Yoshikawa, Shobita Rajagopalan in Antibiotic Therapy for Geriatric Patients, 2005
Divalent and trivalent cations such as calcium, aluminum, magnesium, and iron reduce absorption of the tetracyclines due to the formation of insoluble chelates. The effect of sodium bicarbonate on tetracycline bioavailability is controversial. One study conducted in eight healthy volunteers found that coadministration of sodium bicarbonate 2 g and tetracycline 250 mg (in a capsule formulation from Gyma Labs) resulted in approximately a 50% reduction in tetracycline bioavailability. In contrast, sodium bicarbonate had no significant effect on tetracycline absorption from a solution formulation. However, in another study, 2 g of sodium bicarbonate administered simultaneously with 250 mg tetracycline (in a capsule formulation from Lederle Labs) had no effect on the rate or extent of oral absorption in two volunteers. Perhaps the interaction with sodium bicarbonate is formulation or manufacturer specific.
Characteristics of emergency department presentations following ingestion of Taxus baccata (yew)
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Vanessa Alexandra Buetler, Alexandra Maria Braunshausen, Stefan Weiler, Jolanta Klukowska-Rötzler, Aristomenis K. Exadaktylos, Evangelia Liakoni
Gastroscopy occurred in 52 presentations (95%), with a median interval of 4.1 h (range 1.7 − 7.5 h) post-ingestion. Yew leaves were found in the gastrointestinal tract in 37 of 52 cases, with a median of 23 leaves and of range 0 (fifteen presentations) to 300 leaves (one presentation). A not strong positive correlation (correlation coefficient 0.41, p < 0.05) was found between the estimated number of leaves ingested and number recovered by gastroscopy (Figure 2). Table 3 includes details of the six presentations with ≥100 leaves found on gastroscopy (amount reported as potentially lethal [6]). Activated charcoal administration occurred in 24 presentations following gastroscopy and in one without gastroscopy (45% of total cases). Sodium bicarbonate was administered in two presentations. The patient with cardiac arrest received lipid emulsion, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), installation of a ventricular support device (Impella CP SmartAssist®, ABIOMED) and a temporary pacemaker.
Formulation, optimization, and evaluation of raft-forming formulations containing Nizatidine
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Manal K. M. Darwish, Amal S. M. Abu El-Enin, Kamilia H. A. Mohammed
Nizatidine raft forming tablet formulation was successfully developed using sodium alginate as a raft forming polymer, calcium carbonate for raft strengthening and neutralizing effect. Finally, sodium bicarbonate was used as a gas generating agent. Maximum raft strength, acid neutralization capacity, and drug release were achieved at 275.92 mg of sodium alginate, 28.60 mg of sodium bicarbonate, and 202.14 mg of calcium carbonate in tablets prepared by direct compression. In tablets prepared by wet granulation, the values were 253.62 mg for sodium alginate, 24.60 mg for sodium bicarbonate, and 201.77 mg of calcium carbonate. X-ray for the most stable optimized tablets showed that raft tablet floated immediately after ingestion and remained intact for ∼3 h preventing reflux disorders associated with peptic ulcer. The pharmacokinetic study revealed a rapid onset of action indicated by lower time required to obtain maximum concentration as compared to market formulation. Thus, a promising floating raft forming system has been achieved which could be suitable for special populations as geriatrics and pediatrics leading to improved efficacy as well as enhanced patient compliance.
Major difference in particle size, minor difference in release profile: a case study of solid lipid nanoparticles
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Zhengwei Huang, Linjing Wu, Wenhao Wang, Wenhua Wang, Fangqin Fu, Xuejuan Zhang, Ying Huang, Xin Pan, Chuanbin Wu
BUD was purchased from BioChemPartner, Inc. (Shanghai, China). P4 fluorescent probe was synthesized and presented by Professor Wu Wei from Fudan University (Shanghai, China). Tris-Maleate (Tris-M) was purchased from LVYE Biotechnology, Inc. (Jiangsu, China). Pancreatin was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol, Tween 80 (T80), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) were purchased from DAMAO Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyl palmitate (CP) were purchased from Aladdin Industrial, Inc. (Shanghai, China). HPLC-grade acetonitrile was purchased from Honeywell International, Inc. (Charlotte, NC, USA). Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was purchased from Zhiyuan Chemical Reagent, Inc. (Tianjin, China).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alkali
- Bicarbonate
- Chemical Compound
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- Sodium
- Sodium Carbonate
- Preferred Iupac Name
- Salt
- Natron
- E Number