Injuries from Motor Vehicle Accidents
Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole in Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Air bag inflation is an explosion (200 mph) capable of killing a person, in which the force is stopped in time by a nylon bag. It comprises four elements: crash sensors and controls, inflator, the air bag itself, and diagnostic circuitry. The sensor comprises a ball in a tube or spring mass sensors, which are mounted in the front of the vehicle. It is designed to activate air bag deployment when a sudden deceleration of approximately 16 to 19 km/h (9 to 11 mph) occurs in the vehicle’s forward motion. Deployment starts 15 to 20 ms after initial impact. The inflator is made of a pyrotechnic device that inflates a gas generant (sodium azide) in 18 to 23 ms; 21 to 27 ms after impact. The burning sodium azide produces nitrogen gas that expands the nylon air bag. The actual inflation takes 20 to 40 ms. The force exits and inflates the air bag at approximately 200 mph. The nylon air bag provides a high strength/weight ratio and is abrasion resistant with good elongation properties allowing for uniform stress distribution along seams with equally distributed forces. The driver’s side air bag is smaller and circularly shaped. It has less time and distance in which to inflate due to the steering wheel. Passenger side air bags are rectangular and three to five times larger than those on the driver’s side.
Transportation medicine
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones in Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
The deployment of an air bag relies upon the explosive production of gas, usually from the detonation of a pellet commonly made of sodium azide. For the deployment to be timed correctly, the deceleration of the vehicle following impact needs to be sensed and the detonation of the pellet completed in microseconds so that the bag is correctly inflated at the time the occupant of the car is beginning to move towards the framework of the vehicle.
The vitamin B12 analog cobinamide ameliorates azide toxicity in cells, Drosophila melanogaster, and mice
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
John Tat, Stephen C. Chang, Cole D. Link, Suelen Razo-Lopez, Michael J. Ingerto, Behdod Katebian, Adriano Chan, Hema Kalyanaraman, Renate B. Pilz, Gerry R. Boss
The azide (N3-) anion is available in a variety of forms, most commonly as sodium azide (NaN3). Azide is used in several industries with over 1000 tons of NaN3 produced annually [1]. Azide is highly toxic, with the human lethal dose of sodium azide estimated to be ∼700 mg or ∼10 mg/kg [2]. Fortunately, azide poisoning is rare with 156 reported cases worldwide between the years 2000 and 2020 [3]. However, this infrequency may prove detrimental in a mass casualties event, such as an industrial incident or terrorist attack, as most medical personnel will not have encountered an azide-poisoned patient and therefore not be well-informed about azide toxicity and treatment options. A major terrorist attack is possible, since azide may be purchased through online retailers, and it has been used in several planned and executed attacks [4–9]. On several occasions, azide was used to poison communal beverages, leading to high casualties and highlighting the potential of azide as a terrorist weapon [10–14]. Moreover, azide is a common suicidal agent, especially among laboratory workers, likely due to its common presence in research laboratories [2,3,15].
3D-printed implantable devices with biodegradable rate-controlling membrane for sustained delivery of hydrophobic drugs
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Camila J. Picco, Juan Domínguez-Robles, Emilia Utomo, Alejandro J. Paredes, Fabiana Volpe-Zanutto, Dessislava Malinova, Ryan F. Donnelly, Eneko Larrañeta
The release study was performed for 190 days. Implants were placed in vials containing 50 mL of PBS (pH: 7.4) at 37 °C and agitated at 40 rpm. The experiment was carried out under sink conditions. Sodium azide was used to prevent the growth of microorganisms in the media. At defined time points, the release media was replaced with fresh one and then, the quantity of OLZ in the media was analyzed using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). For this purpose, an Agilent 1100 series system HPLC (Agilent Technologies UK Ltd., Stockport, UK) equipped with a Waters X-Select CSH C18 column (3.5 µm pore size, 3.0 × 150 mm) (Agilent Technologies UK Ltd., Stockport, UK) was used to quantify OLZ. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile and water (pH 2.3) at a ratio of 60:40. The flow rate was 5 mL/min, injection volume of 10 µL, sample runtime of 5 min and UV detection was at 260 nm.
The use of inactivated brain homogenate to determine the in vitro fraction unbound in brain for unstable compounds
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Ramakrishna Nirogi, Parusharamulu Molgara, Gopinadh Bhyrapuneni, Arunkumar Manoharan, Nagasurya Prakash Padala, Veera Raghava Chowdary Palacharla
The rat brain homogenate was prepared in phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4) with a three-fold dilution. The brain homogenate was kept on a bench (temperature range: 23–27 °C) for 3, 5 and 7 days with sodium azide added at a final concentration of 10 µM and is hereafter referred to as inactivated brain homogenate (IBH) represented as IBH-3, IBH-5, and IBH-7 for 3, 5, and 7 days of inactivation respectively. Sodium azide was added to prevent microbial contamination (Kalvass et al., 2018) during the inactivation for 7 days. Fresh brain homogenate (FBH) was prepared by obtaining rat brains on the day of the study. The fresh brain homogenate was stored at −80 °C for further use and is referred to as a frozen brain homogenate (FrBH).
Related Knowledge Centers
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