Intestinal Failure
Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia in Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) are of special consideration as they are a major trophic factor for intestinal adaptation, but require micelle formation and are not absorbed well in the small intestine. The optimal fat source to facilitate optimal absorption in patients who have undergone significant intestinal resection may be a combination of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs, which do not require micelle formation) and LCTs. Patients without a colon tolerate diets that are high in fat (30%–40% of total energy intake). Those with an intact colon may experience steatorrhea and magnesium/calcium loss with high-fat intake due to the process of saponification. Saponification occurs when the unabsorbed fat combines with calcium and/or magnesium to form soaps. The soaps prevent these ions from interacting with oxalate as they would in normal individuals. This, in turn, enhances oxalate absorption in the colon and needs excretion by the kidneys, increasing risk for oxalate renal stone formation. It may be necessary to restrict oxalate intake or provide calcium supplements to reduce the risk of oxalate renal stone formation.
Chemopreventive Agents
David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz in Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Fatty acids such as oleic acid (or their salts) do not often occur naturally in their free acid form in plants or animals, instead occurring as esters such as triglycerides, which are the greasy components of many naturally occurring oils. The free fatty acid forms of these esters are derived by a hydrolysis process, known as saponification. There is usually less than 2% of the free acid form of oleic acid in virgin olive oil (with the rest in the triglyceride form), and higher concentrations of the free acid form can make the oil bitter and inedible. The triglyceride form of oleic acid constitutes up to 75% of pecan oil, 85% of sunflower oil, 61% of canola oil, 67% of peanut oil, 60% of macadamia oil, 20% of grape seed oil, sea buckthorn oil and sesame oil, and 14% of poppy seed oil. It is also abundant in many animal fats, for example, constituting up to 56% of chicken and turkey fat and 47% of lard.
Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Tallow and animal fats are also used in the cosmetic industry. The fatty acids contained in tallow, in decreasing order, are oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and myristic acid. These ingredients are commonly found in cosmetics, including in creams. Extraction procedures can be used to isolate these fatty acids, including saponification. Hydrogenation can be used to convert oleic acid into stearic acid. Oleic acid is often used as an emulsifier and emollient, and can be used to control the viscosity and consistency of formulations. Oleic acid is a precursor to several non-ionic, stable emulsifiers that include oleate, dioleate, trioleate and sesquioleate sorbitan. As with many other animal-derived products mentioned in this chapter, the fatty acids found in tallow can also be found in the fats of plants (Corbeil et al., 2000).
Design, synthesis and in vitro biological studies of novel triazoles with potent and broad-spectrum antifungal activity
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Junhe Bao, Yumeng Hao, Tingjunhong Ni, Ruina Wang, Jiacun Liu, Xiaochen Chi, Ting Wang, Shichong Yu, Yongsheng Jin, Lan Yan, Xiaomei Li, Dazhi Zhang, Fei Xie
Overnight cultured C. albicans SC5314 fungal cells were collected and diluted to 5 × 106 cells/mL in YEPD medium. The fungal suspension was transferred to 50 ml conical flasks, then 8.0 µg/mL of compounds or fluconazole were added. The fungal cells were cultured by shaking (200 rpm) at 30 °C. After incubation for 8 h, the fungal suspension was centrifuged (3000 rpm, 1 min), harvested and washed twice with distilled water carefully. The saponifying agent (6 ml of 15% NaOH resolved in 90% ethanol) was added to the precipitate. After 1 h of saponification at 80 °C, sterols were extracted with hexane (3 × 5 ml). The combined extracts were evaporated in a water bath and washed once with water. The residue was dried in a 60 °C water bath to obtain the total sterols. Finally, the total sterol was analysed by GC-MS and the structures of each sterol content were identified and compared with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database.
Maternal diets affected ceramides and fatty acids in brain regions of neonatal rats with prenatal ethanol exposure
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Yidi Wang, Bradley A. Feltham, Xavier L. Louis, Michael N. A. Eskin, Miyoung Suh
Total fatty acid composition in plasma and three brain regions of pups was measured using the simplified method without lipid extraction [44]. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared by saponification with 0.5 N methanolic potassium hydroxide followed by methylation with 14% (w/w) boron trifluoride in methanol. Separation of FAME was carried out on a gas chromatography instrument (Vista 6010 GLC and Vista 402 data system, Varian Instruments, Mississauga, ON, Canada) equipped with a BPX70 micro-column (SGE Analytical Science, Carrboro, NC, USA). The detailed running condition was described in a previous study [45]. Briefly, the temperature program was 130°C for 0 min, raised to 175°C at 20°C/min held for 1 min, 200°C at 6°C/min held for 0 min, and finally raised to 280°C at 30°C /min. Hydrogen was a carrier gas, and a flow rate was 0.5 ml/min. C23:0 was used as the internal standard. Peaks were identified using standard FAME 461 (Nucheck Prep Inc., Waterville, Minn., USA).
Discovery of a new class of triazole based inhibitors of acetyl transferase KAT2A
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Roberta Pacifico, Nunzio Del Gaudio, Guglielmo Bove, Lucia Altucci, Lydia Siragusa, Gabriele Cruciani, Menotti Ruvo, Rosa Bellavita, Paolo Grieco, Mauro F. A. Adamo
The synthesis of compounds 26a-e has been carried out following a procedure previously reported12. Pyridine azides 2a-e were reacted with alkynes 25a,b to give triazoles 26a-evia a CuAAc cycloaddition protocol (Table 2)50. Pyridine-based triazoles 26a-d were obtained in high yields (Table 2). Considering that carboxylates were found better ligands by virtual screening, as highlighted in the docking results (Table 1), we then proceeded with the hydrolysis of esters 26a,b and 26d,e to reveal the corresponding acids 27a-d (Table 3). This entailed standard saponification using a solution of potassium hydroxide, which provided 27a-d in good to high yields.
Related Knowledge Centers
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