Novel psychoactive substances and inhalants
Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros in Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Self-reports of undesirable side effects include social withdrawal, mental confusion, amnesia and anxiety. Reports of cases in which Salvia use resulted in contact with a poisons control system were analysed reptrospectively. Of the 133 cases on whom data was collected over a 10 year period, 86 were children aged below 10 years, and 23 teenagers of 15–20 years of age, and the remainder were adults over 21. Ingestions by children aged 10 years or younger involved species other than Salvia Divinorum and were accidental ingestion of garden plants containing Salvia. Of the 37 cases that were related to recreational use of Salvia Divinorum, 18 were in the age range 15–18 years (Vohra et al., 2011).
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Scott Mendelson in Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Salvia divinorum is a plant native to the mountainous regions of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. It is found only in forest ravines and other moist, cloudy areas of the Sierra Mazateca between 2,000 and 5,000 feet of altitude, which likely adds to its mystique. Indeed, it is one of the more unusual plants to be evaluated for antidepressant effects, owing to its potent hallucinogenic effects. It is one of several vision-inducing plants employed by the native Mazatec Indians for curing and divination. Its properties have earned it the name “sage of the diviners,” “seer’s sage,” or simply salvia.1
Licit and illicit drugs
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones in Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Salvinorin A, the active ingredient in Salvia divinorum, is the exception. The only reason for taking Salvia is to produce hallucinogenic effects, but many potentially useful drugs also stimulate κ-receptors and the psychological side effects that result from this stimulation can be so strong that the drug cannot be used for its intended clinical purpose (the reason phencyclidine was withdrawn from the human market).
Current strategies toward safer mu opioid receptor drugs for pain management
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2019
Aliza T. Ehrlich, Brigitte L. Kieffer, Emmanuel Darcq
Here, we discuss three drugs derived from natural sources that activate MORs in a Gi-biased manner. Salvia divinorum, is from the Sage family and has been used for mystical purposes due to its hallucinogenic properties [32]. Herkinorin, was synthesized from salvinorin A, the active component of Salvia divinorum, through addition of an aromatic group, and is the first MOR biased agonist derived from a natural product [13,33,34]. Although herkinorin is selective for MOR, lower binding also occurs at KOR and even lower at DOR [35]. Herkinorin has been shown, in rodents to produce potent analgesia [36] and in cells to be G protein biased, possessing poor β-arrestin 2 recruitment [37] however its utility is not yet realized due to poor permeability crossing the blood brain barrier.
Natural psychoactive substance-related exposures reported to United States poison control centers, 2000–2017
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
Connor O’Neill-Dee, Henry A. Spiller, Marcel J. Casavant, Sandhya Kistamgari, Thitphalak Chounthirath, Gary A. Smith
From 2000 through 2017, there were 67,369 first-ranked exposures to natural psychoactive substances reported to US PCCs. The increasing rate of exposure to these substances over the study period was driven by an increase in exposures to marijuana, which accounted for almost half of all natural psychoactive substance exposures. This increase in marijuana cases can be attributed, in part, to the increasing number of states that have legalized marijuana for medical or recreational use [10,11]. In contrast, the rate of exposure to other natural psychoactive substances (excluding marijuana) decreased by 20.8% over the study period. For example, more than half of kava kava cases occurred from 2000 to 2003, with a 69.2% decrease in the exposure rate over the study period. This observed decrease in kava kava cases was likely influenced by a warning statement from the US Food and Drug Administration in early 2002 regarding the potential hepatotoxicity of kava kava [26]. Salvia species cases decreased starting in 2011, which may have been related to legislation at the state level to categorize Salvia divinorum as a Schedule I drug due to its lack of an accepted medical use and the potential for abuse [27]. In contrast, kratom cases have increased rapidly since 2011.
Adverse pharmacokinetic interactions between illicit substances and clinical drugs
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Kodye L. Abbott, Patrick C. Flannery, Kristina S. Gill, Dawn M. Boothe, Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran, Sridhar Mani, Satyanarayana R. Pondugula
Salvia divinorum, is a sage species used as an entheogen (Tsujikawa et al. 2009; Serra et al. 2015). Salvia can be smoked, chewed, or brewed as a tea (NIDA 2019). Salvinorin A, the active ingredient of salvia, acts as a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist resulting in its dissociative and psychoactive properties (Kuhn et al. 2008; Cruz et al. 2017). Salvinorin A is metabolized by CYP2D6, CYP1A1, CYP2C18, CYP2E1 and UGT2B7 (Teksin et al. 2009) (Table 3). Salvinorin A may also be metabolized by blood esterases (Schmidt et al. 2005). Salvinorin A was noted to be a substrate of P-gp (Teksin et al. 2009; Butelman et al. 2012) (Table 3). Currently, there are no reports whether salvia can modulate drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug-transporters, or whether it can cause adverse interactions when taken with clinical drugs.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Altered State of Consciousness
- Hallucination
- Psychoactive Drug
- Salvinorin A
- Smoking
- Vegetative Reproduction
- Tea
- Dissociation
- Mazatec Shamanism
- Altered State of Consciousness
- Hybrid