Autofluorescence as a Parameter to Study Pharmaceutical Materials
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina in Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting the growth and productivity of plants in many areas of the world due to the increasing use of poor-quality water for irrigation and soil salinization (Gupta and Huang 2014). The typical definition of a halophyte is a plant species that can survive and reproduce under growth conditions with more than 200 mM NaCl. It has been conservatively estimated that there is approximately 1000 million ha of salt-affected land throughout the world (Liu et al. 2018). Salt stress is a combination of ionic stress due to the chaotropic effects of incoming Na+ and Cl– and osmotic stress resulting from a decrease in water potential (Lugan et al. 2010). The result of these disturbances in water management is a loss of turgor, inhibition of cell elongation, stomatal closure, and decrease in the intensity of photosynthesis (Cassaniti et al. 2012). Therefore, it is important to carry out studies that allow the selection of suitable, salt-tolerant species. Some medicinal plants have the ability to grow under salinity due to the presence of different mechanisms for salt tolerance; such plants are known as salt-resisting plants, salt-tolerating plants, or halophytes (Aslam et al. 2011).
Water scarcity *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Whilst forecasts of catastrophic water scarcity must be approached with critical awareness of the complexity of water resources and the role of water in development, there is little doubt that in coming decades meeting the needs of a growing global population for food, water and sanitation will become more complex. Water resources must be managed to meet a range of needs, for agriculture, domestic and industrial uses, and to ensure the health and vitality of ecosystems that also depend on water to thrive. Ecosystems provide many services to human society and economies, such as flood protection, water purification, fisheries, limiting soil erosion and salinization, and pest management. Ensuring sufficient water is available for natural systems is important for human health and economic growth. Policies based on integrated water management are being applied in urban and rural catchments to attempt to address the needs of different stakeholders and to ensure maximum benefit from the use of available water resources. Allocation of water as an economic good, that can be traded in newly established water markets, is criticized by many who contend that this undermines the status of water as a public good, but is increasingly applied as a means of achieving economic efficiency in meeting competing demands for a scarce resource.
Potential Impacts of Environmental Pollution on the Growth and Metabolism of Medicinal Plants
Azamal Husen in Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Salinity is a major global concern and a significant abiotic stress that hampers growth as well as the development of plants and also plays the most important role in determining the ecological distribution of medicinal plant species. Salinization of soil and water is a major reason for medicinal plants encountering this stress. In reality, approximately 40 per cent of the earth’s land area suffers from these problems (Vriezen et al. 2007). There has been an estimated 10 per cent annual increase in the salinized areas for diverse reasons, including more surface evaporation followed by less rainfall, weathering of rocks, poor agriculture and irrigational practices. It has been predicted that, by the year 2050, more than 50 per cent of the arable land will be salinized (Jamil et al. 2011; Mondal and Kaur 2017).
Geochemical assessment of groundwater contaminants and associated health risks in the Shivalik region of Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Sunil Mittal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Kumar Sahoo
Irrigation water quality indices mainly depend upon soil salinity and sodicity, which can limit plant growth in irrigated agricultural land. The accumulation of soluble salts in the soil profile is termed as soil salinity. Whenever soluble salt concentration exceeds the crop tolerance limit, it poses adverse effect on crops. Soil sodicity is another major factor affected by salinity, which infers the soil physico-chemical properties of soil (Farahmand et al. 2011). Soil sodicity becomes effective whenever the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) exceeds 15%. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) estimates the degree of soil solidity (the relative amount of Na in comparison with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in transitional sites), as follows (Quirk 2001).
Impact of pH conditions and the characteristics of two electrodialysis membranes on biofilm development under semi-realistic conditions
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Jörg Böllmann, Marion Martienssen
Freshwater scarcity has become an increasing problem worldwide with an agricultural sector taking up as much as 70% of the total freshwater consumption (FAO 2017). The reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation is one way to meet the increasing demand for irrigation water where there is a decreasing natural water supply (Qadir and Sato 2016). Removal of excess minerals and pathogenic bacteria is often necessary to avoid soil salination and reinfection with diseases (Qadir and Scott 2010; Goodman et al. 2013; Aguas et al. 2019). Membrane-based electro-dialyses is one established procedure (Strathmann 2010; Bunani et al. 2013; Xie et al. 2016) to generate water of adequate quality (Goodman et al. 2013).
Evaluating the role of gamma irradiation to ameliorate salt stress in corn
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Alireza Shaebani Monazam, Mohammad Ali Norouzian, Mehdi Behgar, Azam Borzouei, Hedayat Karimzadeh
Soil and water salinity are among the most critical problems of modern agriculture. Soil salinity occurs due to improper irrigation operations, as well as deforestation and destruction of natural vegetation, during the construction of new lands for agriculture (Flowers and Flowers 2005). In addition to 21% of agricultural land being naturally saline, another 19% have recently suffered from salinity (Chinnusamy et al. 2006). Therefore, applying appropriate strategies for minor damage to plants under salt stress is necessary.