Determination
David Woolley, Adam Woolley in Practical Toxicology, 2017
The route of administration is normally oral by intubation or admixture with the diet (see Chapter 03 for more extensive comment); the latter has the advantage of being simple and cost effective. Oral intubation or gavage has the advantage for pharmaceuticals that this is most likely to be the route of administration in patients. However, where oral intubation gives poor systemic exposure due to rapid clearance, this may be improved by dietary administration where the animals eat over an extended period. For agrochemicals or food additives, the most appropriate route is usually in the diet. Poor palatability of diet offered can reduce food consumption and consequently affects tumor profile and survival. There are occasional studies that are carried out by administration in the drinking water. However, it is extremely difficult to estimate spillage, making calculation of exposure very inaccurate. Drinking water administration is an inexpensive route of exposure and is thus often favored in academic studies. However, this route can make them irretrievably flawed before the first administration, let alone by the uncertainties of final interpretation and risk assessment. Other routes of administration include dermal or inhalation. Dermal administration is relatively simple, while exposure via the inhalation route is highly complex and, due to the amounts of high-cost equipment required, extremely expensive.
Aromatherapy
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Medical aromatherapy has more focus on the pharmacological actions of essential oils and their constituents than the psychological impact of fragrant essential oils that is so favored by the holistic aromatherapy style. Following a medical consultation, diagnosis is then coupled with information on essential oil chemistry, bioactivity, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and galenics in order to formulate the most effective prescription for the patient. Combinations of plant extracts (phytoaromatherapy) are frequently prescribed together. The routes of administration are not limited to topical and inhalation; internal routes such as oral, sublingual, rectal, and vaginal are also commonly used (Figure 13.1.). Main pathologies targeted by the medical approach are those that are infectious or inflammatory in nature.
Opiates
G. Hussein Rassool in Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
The medical applications of opiates include effective relief of pain, treatment for diarrhoea and vomiting and as a cough suppressant. Morphine, for instance, is widely used for short-term acute pain resulting from myocardial infarction, sickle cell crisis, after surgery, fractures, burns and the later stages of terminal illnesses. Methadone is often prescribed to heroin addicts for maintenance or withdrawal purposes. Some of the opiates such as pethidine, morphine, dihydrocodeine and methadone are highly addictive when compared to other substances; tolerance, physical and psychological dependences develop very rapidly. However, occasional use of heroin does not lead to symptoms of withdrawal. The most preferred and common route of administration is oral administration. Oral opioids, such as morphine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone and oxycodone, can be used for acute or chronic pain. Other routes of administration include sublingual and buccal, rectal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and transdermal. Patients with chronic pain can benefit from continuous opioid administration with the use of transdermal administration. For example, transdermal fentanyl is used for continuous opioid administration without pumps or needles.
Fentanyl use disorder characterized by unprescribed use of transdermal patches: a case report
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2022
Cavid Guliyev, Zehra Olcay Tuna, Kültegin Ögel
Fentanyl is a pure mu receptor agonist that crosses the blood–brain barrier rapidly. Its analgesic effect is 75–100 times higher than that of morphine.1 The routes of administration for prescribed use include oral, intravenous, epidural, transdermal, intranasal, and transmucosal routes. Transdermal fentanyl patch (TFP) has been widely used as an effective analgesic since 1990.2 TFP has several clinical advantages, such as long-acting analgesic effect and low incidence of undesirable side effects compared to morphine. Owing to such features, the use of TFP has been accepted as a noninvasive method for pain relief.3 Because of its low molecular weight and lipophilic properties, fentanyl is easily absorbed through skin.4 TFPs are available in doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mcg/hour. The effect of fentanyl lasts for up to 72 hours when used as transdermal patches.2 Compared to other forms, TFPs have a reduced possibility of misuse due to the fact that TFPs release the drug in a sustained and long-acting manner with a stable serum concentration.5 In addition, it is accepted that the risk of developing tolerance and use disorder is minimal because it rarely causes euphoria.6
Pain management in multiple myeloma
Published in Expert Review of Quality of Life in Cancer Care, 2018
Marco Salvini, Giusy Cetani
Type of pain, intensity, possible adverse events, and clinical response guide the choice of the medication. When feasible, the preferred route of administration should be by mouth. If not possible, subcutaneous injection could be evaluated. In hematologic malignancies, including multiple myeloma, the subcutaneous route is sometimes impracticable because of thrombocytopenia and bleeding risks. In such cases, intravenous route is the best choice. Transmucosal administration provides a more rapid absorption and onset of action than oral route because of systemic venous drainage and consequent avoiding of hepatic first-pass elimination. It is very useful in patients not suitable for oral administration, and/or in the absence of venous access. Dosages of opioids given by different routes should be adapted according to bioavailability.
Nanotechnology approaches for delivery of cytochrome P450 substrates in HIV treatment
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Yuqing Gong, Pallabita Chowdhury, Prashanth K.B. Nagesh, Theodore J. Cory, Chelsea Dezfuli, Sunitha Kodidela, Ajay Singh, Murali M. Yallapu, Santosh Kumar
Since nanotechnology is a novel delivery method, in order to move forward to the clinical use, comprehensive toxicity and safety assessments of nanoformulation need to be addressed. Another important consideration in investigating nanotechnology for HIV treatment is the stability and their capability for large-scale production. Nanotechnology may increase the overall cost of treatment, which may not be affordable in underdeveloped countries. Another important aspect to consider is the route of administration. Most of the long-acting nanoformulations for HIV treatment are designed for parenteral administration. A survey was done with 400 adult HIV patients who were prescribed with ART revealed that majority of the patients (73%) were willing to try injectable long-acting nanoformulated ARVs, but 35% of patients were very concerned about needle use [136].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Drug Delivery
- Enteral Administration
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Toxicology
- Pharmacology
- Medication
- Oral Administration
- Intravenous Therapy
- Topical Medication
- Dosage Form