Macronutrientst, Micronutrients, and Metabolism
Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra in Psychology of Eating, 2019
These various salts or minerals generally are present in food in trace amounts; their weak taste is usually masked by the food itself. In their pure form, these various salts have slightly different tastes. Sodium chloride (common or table salt) occupies a special niche. Table salt is added to many of our foods, either at the commercial production stage or during cooking or eating, the latter being because many of us like or prefer a salty taste to many foods. There are several possible reasons for this, perhaps the most compelling of which is that we have taste mechanisms that are tuned specifically to the presence of sodium ions and lead to the sensation of saltiness. This will be expanded upon in Chapter 4. For now, it is sufficient to note that sodium is unique among the salts insofar as humans and many animals exhibit a taste-driven specific appetite for sodium, or salts of sodium, when they are deficient in sodium. This is commonly known as salt appetite. Sodium is lost continuously in urine and sweat, and the latter fact has led to development of salt or electrolyte-containing drinks for athletes and others such as outdoor laborers who may be at risk for excessive loss of sweat. We will mention some unusual specific appetites in later chapters.
Biological Effects and Medical Treatment
Alan Perkins in Life and Death Rays, 2021
A brief history of radiation exposure and poisoning would not be complete without some more detailed explanation of the human biological effects of radiation. The first point to appreciate is the difference between radiation exposure and radiation dose. Exposure arises from the amount of something in the surroundings to which the person may become ‘exposed’, whereas the dose is the total amount of the thing taken in or absorbed by the body. The next point to consider is the toxic effect of the absorbed dose. The ingestion of common salt (sodium chloride) is a good example of chemical dose-related toxicity. Salt is essential for human health in small amounts, but large doses may be harmful, particularly to cardiovascular function. This comes back to the previously described scientific view that a medicine is a small amount of a poison. There is even a school of thought that this may be true for radiation. Radiation hormesis is the hypothesis that low doses of ionising radiation around or slightly above background levels are beneficial to health and stimulate cellular repair mechanisms that help to protect against disease. Although there have been scientific studies to test this hypothesis, this concept is not supported by most international scientific authorities and government bodies.
Other Toxic Effects
Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg in Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
There are also a number of reports indicating that cadmium may affect renal management of sodium. Vander275 showed that a single i.v. dose of a cadmium-cysteine complex enhanced sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules. Perry et al.208 produced permanent sodium retention in female rats with four injections of cadmium, 1 mg/kg body weight, administered at 1-month intervals. Lener and Musil157 using cadmium acetate exposed rats for 16 months to 5 mg Cd per liter in drinking water. The animals were also exposed to an increased concentration of sodium chloride in drinking water. At the end of the exposure period, a reduced excretion of sodium was found after a sodium chloride load. This was interpreted as being due to the fact that cadmium enhanced proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium. Renal concentrations of cadmium were on an average 4.8 and 1.3 mg/kg wet weight in the exposed and control groups, respectively. Taking into account the cadmium dose given in drinking water and the long exposure time, values reported for the exposed group are surprisingly low. In experiments on rats conducted by Decker et al.64 Piscator and Larsson,218 and Perry et al.,210 much higher concentrations were found after 1 year at the same exposure level.
Heavy metals in edible salt from Ghana with special reference to potential human health risk
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
For most people, diet is the major path of exposure to environmental contaminants (Zukowska and Biziuk 2008). Food contamination by heavy metals has become a peril in recent years because of their potential accumulation in biosystems through contaminated water and soil sources. It is therefore very important to assess the related risks of dietary intake of these elements in food to human health. Salt is a mineral that is principally made up of sodium chloride. It is added to most foods as a flavoring agent and as a preservative. It contains many essential minerals that are required for various physiological and metabolic processes in living organisms (Mertz 1981, Kagaya et al.2009). The production of salt has been in existence for several years and is one of the most popular industries worldwide. Salt is produced mainly by mining of solid rocks and by evaporation of seawater. The physical and chemical composition of salt from different sources varies widely depending upon the manufacturing technique and the composition of the raw material (Drake and Drake 2011).
Source-apportioned coarse particulate matter exacerbates allergic airway responses in mice
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Marie McGee Hargrove, John K. McGee, Eugene A. Gibbs-Flournoy, Charles E. Wood, Yong Ho Kim, M. Ian Gilmour, Stephen H. Gavett
The Cleveland Multiple Air Pollutant Study (CMAPS) was one of the first comprehensive studies conducted to evaluate PM over local and regional scales (Norris et al., 2009). As part of CMAPS, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) conducted a year-long field campaign (July 2009–June 2010) in several urban and rural sites, including the G.T. Craig (GTC) site located in downtown Cleveland and the Chippewa Lake Monitor (CLM) located at a rural site 53 km southwest of Cleveland. Weekly integrated size-fractionated PM samples were collected and chemically analyzed, and the speciated PM data were apportioned utilizing positive matrix factorization (PMF) to identify local industrial emission sources for each size fraction and location (Kim et al., 2016). The analysis suggested the following: 1) samples from the GTC site contained higher levels of coarse PM, elemental carbon (EC) and inorganic elements compared with the CLM site; 2) samples from both sites were enriched with resident industrial emission sources, including steel and coal-fired power plants; and 3) samples were dependent upon factors, such as emission sources and meteorological conditions (Kim et al., 2016). Sources identified by PMF analysis included steel production, road salt in winter months, coal combustion and motor vehicles.
Effect of volume of porogens on the porosity of PLGA scaffolds in pH-controlled environment
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Manish Gupta, Adeyinka Aina, Yamina Boukari, Stephen Doughty, Andrew Morris, Nashiru Billa
In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of volume of two types of porogens, sodium chloride and ammonium bicarbonate (gas-producing). Sodium chloride is used to create the osmotic gradient that follows the inflow of water into the internal droplets, causing them to swell in size. Later these swollen inner droplets are immobilized within the polymer matrix. Further these droplets are evaporated during the drying process and hence pores are created (Ahmed & Bodmeier 2009). It will be interesting to study the effect of porogen volume on the porosity of microparticles, as there are few studies that address this issue. It is very likely that porogen volume significantly affects the porosity of microparticles. So, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of ammonium bicarbonate and sodium chloride on the porosity of PLGA microparticles.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemical Synthesis
- Chloride
- Extracellular Fluid
- Multicellular Organism
- Salinity
- Sodium
- Chemical Formula
- Salt
- Curing
- Chlorine