Propellants
James Smyth Wallace in Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue, 2018
Propellants are frequently referred to as gunpowder, powder charge, or simply as charge or powder. However, they are very rarely a true powder and are manufactured in a wide range of colors, shapes, and sizes. Propellants that contain nitrocellulose as the only oxidizer are referred to as single base and propellants that contain both nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine as double base. Stabilizers are necessary because nitrocellulose decomposes with age. Stabilizers act as dinitrogen tetraoxide scavengers. Diphenylamine is the most common stabilizer, especially in single-based powders. Another common stabilizer is ethyl centralite, although methyl centralite is sometimes used. Methyl centralite (Sym-dimethyl diphenylurea; Centralite II) is also used as a moderant to reduce the burning rate. Ethyl centralite is usually found in double-based propellants. Resorcinol is also used as a stabilizer. Plasticizers add strength and flexibility to the propellant granules.
Resorcinol: Unna’s paste/Jessner’s solution
Philippe Deprez in Textbook of Chemical Peels, 2007
Chemistry Resorcinol (Figure 24.1), also known as resorcin, metadihydroxybenzene, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, and 1,3-benzenediol, has a molecular weight of 110.11 and a relative density of 1.272. It is slightly more acidic than phenol, with a pKa of 9.15. It is soluble in water, alcohol, ether and glycerol. It comes in the form of white needle-shaped crystals. Resorcinol crystals oxidize easily, and turn pink on contact with light, air or iron.
Resorcinol: Unna’s paste/Jessner’s solution
Philippe Deprez, Philippe Deprez in Textbook of Chemical Peels, 2016
CHEMISTRY Resorcinol (Figure 24.1), also known as resorcin, meta-dihydroxybenzene, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, and 1,3-benzenediol, has a molecular weight of 110.11 and a relative density of 1.272. It is slightly more acidic than phenol, with a pKa of 9.15. It is soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and glycerol. It comes in the form of white needle-shaped crystals. Resorcinol crystals oxidize easily and turn pink on contact with light, air, or iron.
Cytotoxicity of Resorcinol Under Short- and Long-Term Exposure in Vitro
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2004
Cytotoxicity of resorcinol to 3T3 fibroblast in short- (3 hrs) and long-term (72 hrs or 6 weeks) exposure was investigated. The effects of resorcinol on cell viability (neutral red uptake, NRU assay), mitochondrial function (MTT assay) and total cell protein (Kenacid Blue assay) were estimated. As a model for long-term exposure an INTEGRA CL 6-WELL bioreactor was used. The concentrations of resorcinol producing 20, 50 and 80% inhibition of cell growth in the NRU test were lower than in the MTT test after 3 hrs of exposure. The use of an INTEGRA CL 6-WELL bioreactor allows continuous culturing and exposure to test chemical of cells for several weeks, but the strong adhesiveness of fibroblast and forming aggregates make it difficult to remove them from chambers. Resorcinol in concentration of 1 μg/cm3 did not decrease the viability of cells to 50% of control in long-term exposure in the bioreactor.
Cell signaling and receptors with resorcinols and flavonoids: redox, reactive oxygen species, and physiological effects
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2011
Peter Kovacic, Ratnasamy Somanathan
There have been appreciable numbers of reviews on monophenols, catechols, and hydroquinones. However, the resorcinol class has received less attention. This review deals with resorcinols and flavonoids. Emphasis is on cell signaling in addition to antioxidant (AO) properties and pro-oxidant effects. The apparent dichotomy is rationalized. There is extensive literature dealing with various aspects of cell signaling in addition to receptor involvement. The physiological responses are provided along with integration into the unifying mechanistic theme of electron transfer (ET)-reactive oxygen species (ROS)-oxidative stress (OS). The multifaceted approach involving redox processes and cell signaling is unique in providing novel insight.
Protein chaperones: a composition of matter review (2008 – 2013)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2014
Tony Taldone, Hardik J Patel, Alexander Bolaender, Maulik R Patel, Gabriela Chiosis
Introduction: Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are proteins with important functions in regulating disease phenotypes. Historically, Hsp90 has first received recognition as a target in cancer, with consequent efforts extending its potential role to other diseases. Hsp70 has also attracted interest as a therapeutic target for its role as a co-chaperone to Hsp90 as well as its own anti-apoptotic roles. Areas covered: Herein, patents from 2008 to 2013 are reviewed to identify those that disclose composition of matter claimed to inhibit Hsp90 or Hsp70. Expert opinion: For Hsp90, there has been considerable creativity in the discovery of novel pharmacophores that fall outside the three initially discovered scaffolds (i.e., ansamycins, resorcinols and purines). Nonetheless, much of the patent literature appears to build on previously reported structure activity relationship through slight modifications of Hsp90 inhibitor space by finding weaknesses in existing patents. The major goal of future development of Hsp90 inhibitors is not necessarily identifying better molecules but rather understanding how to rationally use these agents in the clinic. The development of Hsp70 inhibitors has lagged behind. It will require a more concerted effort from the drug discovery community in order to begin to realize the potential of this target.
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