Application of Genomic, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Technologies to the Development of Countermeasures against Chemical Warfare Agents
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Early CWA detectors were quite primitive and included primarily chemical-reactive dyes in paints. These were insensitive and therefore unreliable (Smart, 1997). Later technology used more sensitive chemical dyes in other formats such as paper tickets. Modern detectors now consist of fieldable IR spectrometers and an alarm system designed to warn of the presence of CWAs on the battlefield or in an enclosed space. Several reliable tests for the diagnosis of CWA exposure have been developed. To detect HD exposure, the level of thiodiglycol, a metabolite of HD, is quantitated in the urine using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analytical method (Jakubowski et al., 1990; TB MED 296, 1996). Nerve agent exposure is detected in the field by the use of a fieldable Ellman assay to determine cholinesterase inhibition in the blood (Ellman et al., 1961; TB MED 296, 1996).
Contact Urticaria Syndrome from Reactive Dyes in Textiles
Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach in Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
The reactive dyes (RDs) play an important role among textile dyes in the dyeing of cellulose fbers such as cotton as well as polyamide, wool, and, to a lesser extent silk, fur, and leather.[1] RDs are water-soluble and sold as powders, granules, or water solutions. They produce bright colors, their application is fast, and their fixation is permanent in natural and synthetic fbers.[2] Therefore they are extensively used and there are an enormous number of commercially available products. The RD molecule contains a color-forming component (chromogen) and a fiber-reactive component that form irreversible covalent bonds with the amino acid residues of cellulosic fibers [3] and with hydroxyl groups in the fiber molecule.[4] Because RDs form strong covalent bonds with the fibers to be dyed, they show excellent fastness to washing if the dyeing process is properly done.[5] There are several RDs with different reactive functional groups to which carrier proteins bind to induce immune responses.[6–8] The color-forming component is usually an azo, anthraquinone, or phthalocyanine derivative. Hydrophilic groups improve the water solubility. According to Elliot and Yeung in 1979,[9] functional groups were not less than 23. Some of these were suitable only for either cellulose fibers or wool and nylon, whereas others could be used for any of these materials. According to another report, only dyes belonging to a minority of the existing reactive groups seemed to have been involved in allergic cases. The groups mostly involved were bromoacrylamide, dichlorotriazine, monochlorotriazine, monochlorodifuoro pyrimidine, vinyl sulfone, fluorotriazine, and pyrazolone. The vinyl sulfone RDs are major causes of occupational asthma (OA) and have one or two vinyl sulfone reactive groups.[1,10,11]
Interactive Textiles for Well-being in Dementia-friendly Communities
Paul A. Rodgers in Design for People Living with Dementia, 2022
Three initial workshops were conducted:An Introduction to E-textilesPrinting with Heat Reactive DyesPrinting with Light
HLA ligandome analysis of primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells under lenalidomide treatment confirms the suitability of lenalidomide for combination with T-cell-based immunotherapy
Published in OncoImmunology, 2018
Annika Nelde, Daniel J. Kowalewski, Linus Backert, Heiko Schuster, Jan-Ole Werner, Reinhild Klein, Oliver Kohlbacher, Lothar Kanz, Helmut R. Salih, Hans-Georg Rammensee, Stefan Stevanović, Juliane S. Walz
HLA surface expression on CD19+CD5+ CLL cells and CD19+CD5− autologous B cells of CLL patients was analyzed using the QIFIKIT bead-based quantitative flow cytometric assay (Dako, K0078) according to manufacturer's instructions as described before.53 In brief, samples were stained with the pan-HLA class I-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) W6/32 (produced in-house), the HLA-DR-specific mAB L243 (produced in-house) or IgG isotype control (BioLegend, 400202), respectively. Surface marker staining was performed with directly labeled APC anti-human CD19 (BioLegend, 302212), PE anti-human CD5 (BioLegend, 300608) and APC-H7 anti-human CD3 (BD, 641406) antibodies. Aqua fluorescent reactive dye (life technologies, L34957) was used as viability marker. Flow cytometric analysis was performed on a FACSCanto II Analyzer (BD).
Effects of MDMA (ecstasy) on apoptosis and heat shock protein (HSP70) expression in adult rat testis
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
Fahimeh Mobaraki, Masoumeh Seghatoleslam, Alireza Fazel, Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan
For this technique, after deparaffinization and rehydration of the sections, the endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by 3.0% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min at 37 °C. The samples were then washed three times with PBS and were subjected to 10% normal goat serum. Next, the sections were incubated with the anti-HSP70 (Abcam Co., Cambridge, MA; Cas. No. 109689) as a primary antibody at 4 °C overnight and after washing with PBS, they incubated with anti-rabbit IgG peroxidase conjugate (Abcam Co., Cambridge, MA; Cas. No. 97051) as a secondary antibody for 45 min at ambient temperature. Finally, the samples were immersed in DAB solution for 10–15 min at room temperature in dark. At the end, after imaging of tissue sections, numerical density of cells labeled with antibodies against HSP70 was calculated per unit area using grades containing unbiased frames according to the above mentioned method and formula. Three people investigated the prepared samples with an optical microscope (Olympus, model Bx50, Tokyo, Japan) to assess the severity of reactive dye by the blind method and the intensity of reaction was determined for each sample using Likert spectrum (no reaction= 0, poor reaction= +, moderate reaction= ++, severe reaction= +++ and very severe reaction= ++++). The data obtained from different groups were compared using Kruskal–Wallis test and SPSS software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) (Mohammadi et al. 2013).
Characterization of a novel anti-human lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) antibody for cancer immunotherapy
Published in mAbs, 2019
Xiaojie Yu, Xiao Huang, Xiuxiu Chen, Jianfei Liu, Chenglin Wu, Qian Pu, Yuxiao Wang, Xiaoqiang Kang, Lijun Zhou
Endocytosis of antibodies was determined using Jurkat-NFAT-LAG-3 and HEK293-LAG-3 cells. In particular, LBL-007 and relatlimab analog were first conjugated with pHAb Reactive Dye (G9845, Promega) following the manual instructions. The pHAb Reactive Dye is a hydrophilic bright pH-sensor dye that becomes fluorescent at acidic pH, and can be used for high-throughput antibody internalization screening assays. Upon receptor-mediated internalization, antibody-pHAb conjugates track through the endosomal and lysosomal systems, the pH drops, and dyes become highly fluorescent.20,38 Antibody concentration and dye-to-antibody ratio were calculated as follows: antibody concentration (mg/ml) = A280-(A532 × 0.256)/1.4; and the dye-to-antibody ratio = A532 × 150000/Ab concentration×75000. The cells were incubated with the dye-conjugated LBL-007 and relatlimab analog at 10 µg/mL per 1 × 105 cells at 37°C for 0.5, 2, 5, or 24 h. After two washes with PBS, the cells were collected by centrifugation and the fluorescence signal was measured by flow cytometry.
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