Biogenic Amines in Plant Food
Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina in Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
The diamine putrescine, the triamine spermidine, and the tetramine spermine are ubiquitous in plant cells, while other polyamines are of more limited occurrence. Their titer is very responsive to external conditions, such as light, temperature, and various chemical and physical stress agents, and the application of exogenous polyamines to plants or plant parts can produce visible effects such as the prevention of senescence in excised leaves and the formation of embryoids or floral primordia in certain otherwise vegetative tissue cultures. These facts compel us to examine the possible role of polyamines as regulators of physiological processes in plants. The accumulation of putrescine begins very rapidly after the application of stress. Polyamines in their free forms have been reported as anti-senescence agents, from both endogenous and exogenous application, the main effects in fruits being retarded color changes, increased fruit firmness, delayed ethylene and respiration rate emissions, induced mechanical resistance, and reduced chilling symptoms. Climacteric fruit, such as apple, apricot, avocado, banana, peach, plum, and tomato are characterized by their increased respiration and ethylene biosynthesis rates during ripening. By contrast, in non-climacteric fruit, such as citrus, eggplant, grape, pepper, and strawberry, ethylene is not required for the coordination and completion of ripening of these fruits (Valero et al., 2002).
Proteus
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Quorum sensing is the communication between bacterial cells in response to fluctuations in cell-population density and other inducers. The coordinate population response is controlled by diffusible molecules produced by individuals named autoinducers. N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) signaling molecules are utilized by several gram-negative species to sense population density and coordinate gene expression [62]. Despite P. mirabilis lacking a clear AHL synthase (LuxI) homologue, it encodes a LuxR family transcriptional regulator that seems to produce compounds with AHL-like activity [63,64]. The quorum-sensing molecule autoinducer 2 (AI-2), encoded by luxS, can mediate intra- and interspecies interactions. P. mirabilis possesses a luxS homologue and produces AI-2. However, Schneider et al. found that the mutation of luxS in P. mirabilis strain BB2000 does not significantly affect swarming, virulence factors production, or survival in a mouse model. This suggests that AI-2 does not contribute to pathogenicity, but it might influence gene expression in other species that use this signaling molecule [65]. Putrescine has also been proposed as an extracellular signal that is capable of mediating cell-to-cell communication [66]. Putrescine is a component of the outer membrane for some P. mirabilis strains [67]. If P. mirabilis utilizes putrescine for signaling, the bacteria may respond to putrescine produced by other species or scavenged from the host. P. mirabilis upregulates a putrescine transporter during experimental infection, but the signaling capabilities of this molecule remain unclear [68].
Poly amines and Cell and Tissue Growth
Jean Morisset, Travis E. Solomon in Growth of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Gastrointestinal Hormones and Growth Factors, 2017
Therefore, AdoMetDC has also been considered as a key regulatory enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. Although the steps described are generally irreversible, some interconversion of polyamines occurs through the action of spermidine and spermine N’-acetyltransferases and polyamine oxidase (Figure 1). Putrescine may also be degraded by the enzyme diamine oxidase to aminobutyraldehyde and subsequently to gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). Dc-AdoMet, after donating the aminopropyl group for the formation of spermidine and spermine, is itself converted to methylthioadenosine, which is then recycled through the purine pools and methionine pools and hence may also effect methylation reactions.
Drug discovery through the isolation of natural products from Burkholderia
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Adam Foxfire, Andrew Riley Buhrow, Ravi S. Orugunty, Leif Smith
The biosynthetic gene cluster for production of Orn is well characterized [15]. Orn production is regulated by environmental iron concentration (Fur regulon) with optimal production reached at 4 µM environmental ferric iron, and production is generally negligible at concentrations above 15 µM. Additionally, growing Orn-producing strains in iron-rich media prevented later uptake of Orn by the strain [25]. Ornithine seems to be the limiting factor of Orn synthesis, and as such supplementation of media with 20 mM ornithine increases Orn synthesis by 2.5-fold. Although a putrescine (decarboxylated ornithine) residue is present in the final structure of Orn, supplementation of media with putrescine did not increase Orn synthesis. Whereas, supplementation of media with ornithine, arginine, and proline did increase the synthesis of Orn [25]. Interestingly, malleobactin (Figure 1(e)) biosynthesis is related to the biosynthetic pathway of Orn. Franke et al. [45] were able to reconstruct the biosynthesis of Orn from the malleobactin biosynthetic gene cluster by substitution of an adenylation domain of the Orn nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) into the related malleobactin NRPS.
Leishmania infantum arginase: biochemical characterization and inhibition by naturally occurring phenolic substances
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Andreza R. Garcia, Danielle M. P. Oliveira, Ana Claudia F. Amaral, Jéssica B. Jesus, Ana Carolina Rennó Sodero, Alessandra M. T. Souza, Claudiu T. Supuran, Alane B. Vermelho, Igor A. Rodrigues, Anderson S. Pinheiro
Arginase (E. C. 3.5.3.1, L-arginine aminohydrolase) is a metalloenzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of L-arginine into L-ornithine and urea, participating in the urea cycle. Arginase exhibits a trimeric structure with one active site present in each monomer. Each active site contains two manganese ions, which are responsible for activating a water molecule forming a metal-hydroxide ion that attacks the guanidine carbon of L-arginine6. In mammals, two arginase isoforms are found, arginase I and II. They catalyse the same reaction but differ in cellular expression, regulation, and subcellular localisation7. In Leishmania species, arginase regulates parasite growth, differentiation, and infectivity8,9. Roberts et al. have shown that an arginase knockout mutant of L. mexicana is unable to grow in vitro. Addition of exogenous ornithine and/or the polyamine putrescine restores L. mexicana growth, indicating that growth arrest is probably due to the lack of these substances8. Moreover, putrescine is a precursor for the biosynthesis of trypanothione, which is central for parasite protection against reactive oxygen species10.
Maternal consumption of artificially sweetened beverages during pregnancy is associated with infant gut microbiota and metabolic modifications and increased infant body mass index
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Isabelle Laforest-Lapointe, Allan B. Becker, Piushkumar J. Mandhane, Stuart E. Turvey, Theo J. Moraes, Malcolm R. Sears, Padmaja Subbarao, Laura K. Sycuro, Meghan B. Azad, Marie-Claire Arrieta
In contrast to the microbiome sequencing findings, functional links between ASB consumption and the gut microbiome were evident using the complete dataset. Untargeted metabolomic analysis yielded two related metabolites, spermidine and succinate, associated with ASB consumption in the urine of 3 M-old infants (Figure 4). Of these, succinate was significantly and positively associated with infant BMI at one-year-old (Table 3, Figure 4d). Both metabolites are derivatives of putrescine, a relevant polyamine exerting a wide array of biological functions (e.g. gene regulation, stress resistance, cell proliferation and differentiation).39,40 Spermidine is known to be produced by gut-colonizing bacteria and can have an impact on host metabolism (e.g. increasing glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, reducing adiposity and hepatic fat accumulation) in obesity mouse models.41,42 Succinate is produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers in the gut.43 High levels of succinate within the gut lumen have been related to dysbiosis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal inflammation in animal models by activating immune cells via succinate receptor 1(SUCNR1).43 Of these two metabolites, succinate was also found to mediate 29% of the effect of ASB exposure on BMI at 1-year. Of interest, high level of circulating succinate has been previously linked to obesity in humans.44 This exciting finding suggests that a common gut microbial metabolite previously associated with human obesity may play a role in infant weight gain linked to ASB consumption. These novel findings support a functional role of the gut microbiome in mediating the impact of ASB exposure on infant weight.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cadaverine
- Diamine
- Escherichia Coli
- Organic Compound
- Ornithine Decarboxylase
- Spermidine
- Spermine
- Putrefaction
- S-Adenosylmethioninamine
- S-Adenosyl Methionine