Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Expectorants during Pregnancy
“Bert” Bertis Britt Little in Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is the most commonly used agent for pregnant women who require a decongestant (Hornby and Abrahams, 1996; Stanley et al., 2019). It is also the most frequently used sympathomimetic in pregnant and non-pregnant individuals, and is typically used as a decongestant. Pseudoephedrine is also part of a combination therapy and combined with different antihistamines in “common cold” or “sinus” medications. Epidemiological studies of more than 1,000 first-trimester human pregnancies exposed to pseudoephedrine indicate no association with congenital anomalies (Aselton et al., 1985; Heinonen et al., 1977; Jick et al., 1981; Rosa, unpublished, Briggs et al., 2021). Among 12,734 malformed newborns, the frequency of birth defects was not increased among 531 infants whose mothers used pseudoephedrine during organogenesis (Yau et al., 2013).
Tedizolid
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Tedizolid has been observed to weakly and reversibly inhibit monoamine oxidase in vitro (Flanagan et al., 2013; Merck, 2014). When this interaction was assessed in a mouse head twitch model, no increased head twitch response occurred at tedizolid doses equivalent to approximately 25-fold human therapeutic dose concentrations. In contrast, head twitch response increased significantly in mice administered fluoxe- tine and human-equivalent linezolid dose concentrations (Flanagan et al., 2013). Similarly, lack of clinical adrenergic findings with tedizolid was described in a placebo-controlled crossover study of healthy individuals. No meaningful increases in blood pressure or heart rate were seen on tedizolid co-administration with pseudoephedrine (Flanagan et al., 2013). When tedizolid was co-administered with tyramine, a ≥ 30-mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure was achievable, but only at an elevated median tyramine dose of 325 mg (compared with 425 mg placebo). On tyramine challenge, palpitations were reported in 72.4% (21/29) and 46.4% (13/28) of patients receiving tedizolid and placebo, respectively (Merck, 2014).
Catalog of Herbs
James A. Duke in Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Fruits said to be edible.1 This high-yielding source of ephedrine nearly gives Pakistan a monopoly for this naturally produced drug. Ephedrine is extracted from the green branches and possesses the same properties as ephedrine from E. sinica, with a higher total alkaloid content, from 1.0 to 2.5%. Ephedrine excites the sympathetic nervous system, depresses smooth and cardiac muscles, produces a lasting rise in blood pressure, and diminishes hyperemia. Ephedrine acts like epinephrine or adrenalin but can be given orally as well as by injection. Pseudoephedrine and ephedrine, both now synthesized, appeared, respectively, in nearly 14 million (0.90% of all prescriptions) and nearly 12 million (0.77%) prescriptions in the U.S. in 1973.™ Prescribed in the U.S. for asthma, emphysema, hay fever, and rhinitis. Orally ephedrine has helped in enuresis, epilepsy, myasthenia gravis, and urticaria accompanying angioneurotic edema.17d-Pseudoephedrine is cheaper and less toxic than ephedrine and has been used in asthma with good results. The rhizomes may have football-sized knobs used as fuel in Tibet.1
Current and emerging treatment modalities for bacterial rhinosinusitis in adults: a comprehensive review
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Maria Gabriella Matera, Barbara Rinaldi, Vito de Novellis, Paola Rogliani, Mario Cazzola
A systemic decongestant (such as pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine) or topical nasal decongestant (such as xylometazoline) are commonly used in patients with ABRS to minimize nasal congestion and improve patient symptoms [27]. Still, there are side effects to be aware of, including the possibility of developing rhinitis medicamentosa with prolonged topical use and hypertension with oral decongestants, as well as irritability, palpitations, and insomnia [3]. Nasal decongestants should not be taken for more than ten days precisely because of the risk of rebound rhinitis [27]. Canadian guidelines recommend not using them for more than three days [4]. However, not enough data are available for a recommendation based on evidence. The EPOS 2020 steering group did not recommend using decongestants, at least in post-viral ARS, due to the lack of clinically relevant data [14]. However, due to the effectiveness of oral decongestants in reducing nasal congestion, Canadian guidelines advise patients without contraindications to consider these medications a treatment option [4].
An overview of emergency pharmacotherapy for priapism
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Graham A. Bobo, Wael Almajed, Jack Conlon, Rohan A. Morenas, Wayne J.G Hellstrom
A placebo-controlled, randomized trial published in 1993 evaluated 625 men with erectile dysfunction and injected intracavernosal prostaglandin E1. Of the 625 men, 75 developed priapism and were randomized into receiving oral terbutaline, oral pseudoephedrine, or a placebo. The study demonstrated that oral terbutaline was able to achieve detumescence in 36% of patients, while oral pseudoephedrine achieved detumescence in 28%. Successful treatment of patients with oral terbutaline was statistically significant from the placebo; however, 75% of the patients were unsuccessfully managed with oral therapy, therefore requiring further treatment with phenylephrine. Nonetheless, this study establishes a role for oral terbutaline as a first-line agent in patients adamantly against intracavernosal therapy. The use of pseudoephedrine, however, was found to be ineffective [35].
Attitude and practice of substance misuse and dietary supplements to improve performance in sport
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2019
Filomena Mazzeo
Doping is also known as follows: “The intentional use by the athletes of drugs or methods aimed at obtaining an improved sports performance beyond the limits possible only with training”. It has become an important topic in virtually every sport and has been discovered in athletes of all ages and at every level of competition. Importantly, performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) are not restricted to illegal drugs or prescription medications, such as anabolic steroid and inhaled bronchodilators (Mazzeo, 2018; Perrotta, Mazzeo, & Cerqua, 2017). They include dietary supplements vitamins, minerals and more and a variety of compounds that are available at grocery and health food stores and website. These substances are increasingly used by athletes, in competitive sports, but at the same time in fitness and recreational sports (Mazzeo, Santamaria et al., 2016). It is important to know the motivation and the advantages to led the athletes to dope (Table 2). In advance, it is important to know that the prohibited substances and/or the amount of substance prohibited constantly change: some of them have been eliminated over time while others have been added. For example, pseudoephedrine and norephedrine were removed from the list in 2003 but in 2013, the first substance was reintroduced with a different dosage. Local anesthetics and caffeine were eliminated in 2004 (Strano Rossi & Botrè 2011), even if the substance has been included in the monitoring program of WADA in 2015 (Table 3).
Related Knowledge Centers
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