Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Contact allergy to and allergic contact dermatitis from topical minoxidil lotion used for androgenic alopecia or alopecia areata have been reported frequently, sometimes in the form of single case reports (4,5,6,8,9,11,14,16, 17,34,36), but also in case series of 2 (3,35,37), 4 (13,33), 6 (38), 7 (7), 8 (29), 22 (2) and 25 (30) patients. In a number of sensitized individuals, the allergic contact dermatitis was not due to the active ingredient itself, but was caused by contact allergy to the excipient propylene glycol (3,12,13,15,26,29,30,31,35,36,39). In one study (13), the majority of allergic reactions were stated to be due to propylene glycol, but the test concentration (unspecified, but certainly 50% was tested), was too high, risking irritant, false-positive reactions. In another investigation, deemed to be unreliable by some authors (30), all 13 cases of contact allergy to minoxidil lotion were ascribed to propylene glycol (31). Conversely, in an Italian study, of 25 patients reacting to minoxidil lotion, propylene glycol co-reacted in one patient only. However, propylene glycol was tested at 2% in petrolatum, which must very likely have resulted in false-negative reactions (30). Combined allergy to minoxidil and propylene glycol has also been observed (3,13,29,39).
Abrasive Flow Finishing
S Santhosh Kumar, Somashekhar S. Hiremath in Role of Surface Modification on Bacterial Adhesion of Bio-Implant Materials, 2020
Kar et al. (2009a) developed and studied the performance of five different types of polymers-based abrasive media: (a) natural rubber, (b) ethylene propylene diene monomer, (c) butyl rubber, (d) silicone rubber, and (e) styrene butadiene rubber mixed with SiC abrasive particles. Out of five media styrene butadiene, rubber-based media shows better performance in terms of viscosity, thermal stability, and finishing of work surfaces. They have conducted a study on commercial media and found a composition of 66% abrasives, 34% carrier, and other ingredients in the commercial media using thermogravimetric analysis. Kar et al. (2009b) used two different rubbers for media development – (a) natural rubber + SiC abrasive particles and (b) butyl rubber + SiC abrasive particles with naphthenic oil as processing oil. The rheological properties of the media and the effect of these media on the finishing process were studied. Based on the experiments conducted, Butyl rubber-based abrasive media had shown good performance compared to natural rubber-based media. Sankar et al. (2011) developed styrene-butadiene-based media to finish the aluminium-based metal matrix composites. They have also investigated the effect of rheological properties of abrasive media on the finishing and the obtained results are explained with respect to the media properties.
Antiepileptic Drugs Useful in Status Epilepticus
Carl L. Faingold, Gerhard H. Fromm in Drugs for Control of Epilepsy:, 2019
The maximum rate of safe administration, as well as the side effects of i.v. administration of the drug, remain significant problems when used for the treatment of status. A significant portion of the side effects are due to the propylene-glycol diluent.30 A number of recommendations regarding the maximum safe administration rate have been made. The original studies of Wallis et al.31 used infusion rates of 100 mg/min. At this rate, a decrease of systolic blood pressure of 10 to 15 mmHg occurred in three patients (all over 65 years of age) after 500 mg of phenytoin was infused. In a single additional patient, an inadvertent administration of 1 gm of phenytoin over 2.5 min resulted in apnea. The authors concluded that “although i.v. diphenylhydantoin can usually be administered safely at 100 mg/min, we recommend that rates of 50 mg/min or less be used since ... the rate of infusion is an important factor in . . . cardiac depression.” Mild hypotension and bradycardia were also reported using a 100 mg/min infusion rate by Wilder et al.32 They therefore recommended the standard 50 mg/min infusion rate.26
Microplastic-induced oxidative stress response in turbot and potential intake by humans
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Mine Köktürk, Fatma Betül Özgeriş, Muhammed Atamanalp, Arzu Uçar, Süleyman Özdemir, Veysel Parlak, Hünkar Avni Duyar, Gonca Alak
In the present study, it was determined that fish can accumulate MPs primarily in the gills and GT, and the MP contamination in the tissues (gill, muscle) and systems (gastrointestinal system) of the fish was evaluated. The results of antioxidant enzyme inhibition and lipid peroxidation in liver and brain tissues showed that MPs were accumulated in turbot tissues and systems and transported to different tissues by the circulatory system. The MP accumulation in tissues changed depending on MPs size. The MPs accumulation in brain, gill, liver, and muscle tissues, led to inhibit antioxidant reactions by increasing ROS production in fish. Ethylene propylene, which is widely used in the automotive industry and has high water resistance, is determined as the dominant type of MPs due to its very good properties in static and dynamic applications in some polymer types, followed by polychloroprene. Results of the present study show that fish exposure to MPs causes oxidative damage in tissues. Based on these results; biochemical processes that modify the balance of the antioxidant system may cause damage in organisms leading to immune toxicity and even death. In addition, considering their transfer through the food chain, it was shown that MPs can induce various physiological changes including bioaccumulation. Much more research is needed on the adverse effects of MPs on organisms for protecting aquatic ecosystems and preventing MP's contamination of the food chain.
Privileged multi-target directed propargyl-tacrines combining cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibition activities
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Zofia Chrienova, Eugenie Nepovimova, Rudolf Andrys, Rafael Dolezal, Jana Janockova, Lubica Muckova, Lenka Fabova, Ondrej Soukup, Patrik Oleksak, Martin Valis, Jan Korabecny, José Marco-Contelles, Kamil Kuca
Since the target organ of proposed hybrids is supposed to be CNS, the neuronal toxicity profile of selected compounds 7, 15, 20, 21, 23, and 25 on human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) using the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetraziolium bromide (MTT) assay, was determined. The results are presented in Table 4, in terms of mean concentration to cause 50% growth inhibition (IC50). THA, 6-chlorotacrine, 7-MEOTA, and 7-PhOTHA were tested as well as reference compounds. Reduction in cell viability of SH-SY5Y was observed for all selected hybrids. Looking at the IC50 values of 7-PhOTHA analogues 7, 15, and 25 and 6-chlorotacrine derivative 23, it is evident that they exerted more pronounced ability to decrease the viability of neuronal cells compared to THA. Their toxicity ranged in the same order of magnitude as their parent compounds 7-PhOTHA and 6-chlorotacrine. Although the insertion of the propylene linker in compounds 20 and 21 led to increase in the inhibitory potential towards ChEs comparing THA, in term of in vitro neurotoxicity, the effect was quite opposite, i.e. insertion of the side chain caused an increase in cytotoxicity of mentioned compounds. Such phenomenon could be attributed to the higher lipophilicity of the hybrids. Quite interestingly, compound 23, active towards AChE and ligand 15, active towards MAO-B at approx. 1 μM concentration, could be considered relatively safe.
Examining electronic nicotine delivery system use and perception of use among college students with and without asthma across the South
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Linda Gibson-Young, Mary Martinasek, Nauris Tamulevicius, Molly Fortner, Abdullah M. Alanazi
Intuitively, one would think asthmatics would avoid cigarettes and ENDS to avoid asthma symptoms from being triggered. However, our study did not find a difference between asthmatic and non-asthmatic groups in ENDS use in terms of ever-use, use in the past 30 days, duration of use, and frequency of use, as well as smoking traditional cigarettes. This finding is also consistent with our previous study in a Southeast University in 2014 which showed similar findings.15 There could be a few factors contributing to these findings. One possible reason is that although ENDS produces propylene glycol aerosols at levels that result in eye and upper respiratory irritations, only mild irritations have been described after exposure at 1 min.24,25 However, inhaling propylene glycol can increase the risk of developing asthma and little is known about long term effects the exposure.21,25 Other substances such as vegetable glycerin, flavoring agents and nicotine found in ENDS aerosol particles have physiological activities that also have implication on asthma.7,25 Recent studies are beginning to highlight significant morbidity and mortality issues due to ENDS use leading to more conversation to highlight effects on young adults.26–28 Thus, it is important that asthmatics and those at risk of developing asthma be educated to avoid or limit ENDS use.
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