The Promising Antiradical Potential of Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. and C. Fraser ex Hook.
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Medicinal Plants, 2018
Among synthetic antioxidants, those most frequently used in food industries are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ). Reports revealed that BHA and BHT could be toxic, and the higher manufacturing costs and lower efficiency of natural antioxidants, such as tocopherols, together with the increasing consciousness of consumers with regard to food additive safety, created a need for identifying alternative natural and probably safer sources of food antioxidants (Sherwin 1990; Wanasundara and Shahidi 1998). Moreover, antioxidant activity also depends on the type and polarity of the extracting solvent, the isolation procedures, the purity of active compounds, as well as the test system and substrate to be protected by the antioxidant (Meyer et al. 1998).
Aquatic Plants Native to America
Namrita Lall in Aquatic Plants, 2020
In a study by Ogamba et al. (2015), a qualitative phytochemical analysis of the whole plant of E. crassipes (leaves, stems, and roots) was performed and it was found that alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and saponins were all present (Ogamba et al. 2015). In a similar study by Jayanthi and Lalitha (2013), the chloroform root extract of E. crassipes showed the presence of anthrocyanins, phenolics, proteins, and carbohydrates; the ethanolic extract showed that flavonoids, anthroquinones, phenolics, and carbohydrates were present, whereas the methanolic extract only showed the presence of anthoquinones, proteins, and carbohydrates (Jayanthi and Lalitha 2013). An ethanolic extract prepared from the fresh leaves and stems showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, sterols, terpenoids, anthoquinones, and proteins (Lalitha and Jayanthi 2012). An aqueous extract prepared from the leaves had a total phenolic content and a total flavonoid content of 10.63 ± 0.13 mg propyl gallate equivalents/g sample and 0.51 ± 0.03 µg quercetin equivalents/mg sample (Kumar et al. 2014).
Immunocytochemical Detection Systems
Lars-Inge Larsson in Immunocytochemistry: Theory and Practice, 2020
Several attempts have been made to combat the fading phenomenon, particularly with FITC. Normally, sections are mounted in a mixture of glycerin and phosphate or Tris buffer, pH 7.0 to 7.4. Fading is somewhat retarded by mounting at higher pH (8.6) or by mounting in nonfluorescent, xylene-miscible media such as Entellan.®81,243 Lennette suggested use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), buffered to pH 9, to store FITC-stained specimens.190 Reduction of the fading of FITC and rhodamine was obtained with (1) n-propyl gallate,107 (2) 1 mg/mℓ paraphenylenediamine (PPD) in glycerin,161 (3) 1 mg/mℓ 1,4-diazobicyclo- (2,2,2)-octane (DABCO) in gelvatol,183 or (4) 25 mg/mℓ DABCO in phosphate-buffered glycerin.162 The advantage with DABCO was the finding that, in contrast to other mounting media, its addition did not destroy the specimens upon storage.183 A comparison was more recently made by Valnes and Brandtzaeg, who recommended use of polyvinyl alcohol medium containing 0.2 to 2 g/ℓ of PPD or 6 g/ℓ of n-propyl gallate.354 These authors found no advantage with DABCO, except that it permitted long-term storage. There are several considerations in the use of these mounting media (effects on TRITC contra FITC, effects on section durability, effects on tissue background fluorescence). We have never used them, but have relied upon inspection of freshly stained sections mounted in glycerine:buffer (9:1). The interested reader should consult the original publications before embarking on this avenue for prolonging fluorescent life. Conceivably, the methods could be extremely helpful for preventing fading of weakly fluorescent structures during photography. Upon storage of conventionally mounted immunofluorescence preparations, fluorescence is gradually lost. Weinstein and Lechago observed that fluorescence in indirect immunofluorescence-stained preparations (as well as in sections poststained with hematoxylin-eosin) could be regained by renewed application of the FITC-labeled second antibody.374 Conceivably, this could indicate loss of fluorescence due to dislodgement of the fluorochromed second antibodies during storage, but this question was never addressed. Nevertheless, we have repeatedly used the Weinstein and Lechago approach also on semithin plastic sections that have faded in the fluorescence microscope (Larsson, unpublished data) and have found it to work very well.
Nutritional supplementation of gallic acid ameliorates Alzheimer-type hippocampal neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment induced by aluminum chloride exposure in adult Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
B. Ogunlade, S. A. Adelakun, J. A. Agie
GA and its derivatives such as lauryl gallate, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, tetradecyl gallate have the potential of inhibiting the oxidation and rancidity of oils and fats being attributed to their antioxidant and free radical scavenging ability (Choubey et al.2015). Several scientific reports on the biological and pharmacological activities of GA revealed its antioxidant, (Aruoma et al.1993, Nabavi et al.2012, Ferk et al.2018), antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, (Lo et al.2010). anticarcinogenic, (Jagan et al.2008, You and Park 2010, Mileo and Miccadei 2016, Velderrain-Rodríguez et al.2018). cardioprotective, (Umadevi et al.2012, Badhani et al.2015) gastroprotective, (Ihara et al.1999, Ajiboye et al.2018) and neuroprotective potential (Choubey et al.2015, Hajipour et al.2016). Therefore the present study aimed to explore the antioxidant, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory potential of GA on the brain (hippocampus) against aluminum chloride induced Alzheimer’s type of neurodegenerative disorder in adult Wistar rats.
Plasma uptake of selected phenolic acids following New Zealand blackcurrant extract supplementation in humans
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
Rianne Costello, Karen M. Keane, Ben J. Lee, Mark E. T. Willems, Stephen D. Myers, Fiona Myers, Nathan A. Lewis, Sam D. Blacker
A method previously described (Keane at al., 2016) was used for the extraction of phenolic compounds from the plasma. Briefly, 1mL of plasma and 0.5mL of propyl gallate (internal standard, 50µg, 100µL/mL) was mixed with 4mL oxalic acid (10nM) and 0.1mL hydrochloric acid (HCl; 12.6M) in 15mL falcon tubes and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 15min. The supernatant was absorbed on to a primed (washed with 5mL methanol (MeOH) with 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) followed by 2×5mL of water) solid-phase extraction cartridge (Waters Sep-Pak c17, 360mg sorbent per cartridge, 55-105µm). The sample was eluted with 3mL of MeOH + 0.2% TFA and dried under N2 at 45°C. Samples were then reconstituted in 400µl of 0.1% formic acid in water: 2% HCl in MeOH (1:1) and filtered through a 0.2µm polytetrafluoroethylene filter before HPLC analysis. Samples were analyzed on a batch basis, where each batch included standards prepared in 0.1% formic acid in water: 2% HCl in MeOH (1:1), blank control, plasma samples, and fortified plasma samples at 1 (low), 10 (medium), and 25 (high) µg/mL. The recovery ranges were 89-95%, 89-102%, and 90-103% for low, medium, and high fortified levels, respectively. The final results were collected for recovery at the low fortification level.
Anti-aging formulation of rosmarinic acid-loaded ethosomes and liposomes
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Çiğdem Yücel, Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak, İsmail Tuncer Değim
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a compound can be found in plants from the Lamiaceae family formed by caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid esterification. It was first isolated from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) plant and later on many species belonging to this family determined to have RA (Fadel et al.2011). RA is widely used as an antioxidant by acting as free radical scavenger and is effective in preventing the formation of lipid peroxides, which is caused by UV rays and physical, and chemical external factors in the cosmetic field. Studies have shown that RA has more antioxidant activity than the other antioxidant compounds such as vitamin E and trolox which is vitamin E analogue (Lin et al. 2002, Shekarchi et al.2012). RA is more preferable natural compound acting free radical scavenger in the cosmetic field. It does not cause any toxicity which may be caused by synthetic antioxidants such as butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT), butyl hydroxy anisole (BHA), and propyl gallate (Tırnaksız 2006, Shekarchi et al.2012).
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