Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat in Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Reduction of sodium intake can also occur through use of salt substitutes. These substitutes are often made from potassium chloride. Although reduced exposure to sodium occurs with these substitutes, there may be increased salty taste that occurs with cooking. Other tastes associated with the use of KCl include bitter or metallic (Sinopoli and Lawless, 2012). Moreover, use of potassium chloride for seasoning may not be recommended for individuals with chronic kidney conditions, a condition in which sodium reduction is often optimal. For these individuals, use of other sodium reduction strategies may be useful.
Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disturbances
John K. DiBaise, Carol Rees Parrish, Jon S. Thompson in Short Bowel Syndrome Practical Approach to Management, 2017
The goals of therapy in hypokalemia are to prevent or treat life-threatening complications and replace potassium deficit. The severity of hypokalemia positively correlates with the magnitude of potassium deficit. It is generally accepted that for every 100 mEq of potassium salt given, the corresponding increase in serum potassium concentration is approximately 0.27 mEq/L. In chronic hypokalemia, 200 to 400 mEq of elemental potassium is required to increase the serum potassium concentration by 1 mEq/L [24]. Mild hypokalemia can be treated with oral potassium supplementation. Potassium chloride is the preferred salt form, whereas potassium phosphate may be considered in patients with concurrent hypophosphatemia. Potassium chloride is available as an oral liquid or in a slow-release tablet or capsule. Liquid forms of potassium chloride are inexpensive and preferred in patients with an enteral feeding tube but are often poorly palatable. Although slow-release potassium tablets are generally well tolerated by patients without any major GI tract surgeries, their use in SBS patients is not recommended, as the generally rapid intestinal transit may lead to incomplete absorption. Interventions utilizing potassium-rich foods (e.g., bananas) are not as reliable or effective as potassium salt replacement, in part, because dietary potassium is predominantly in the form of potassium phosphate or potassium citrate, which contains a lower amount of elemental potassium on a per gram basis. Potassium content in banana is about 2.2 mEq/inch; approximately two to three bananas provide 40 mEq of potassium [25].
Euthanasia and Necropsy
Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman in Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Exsaguination is an acceptable method of euthanasia in most species only if done in an unconscious or anesthetized animal.1,3 Hypovolemia can cause extreme distress and anxiety and for this reason it can never be used alone. In a research setting this method is a convenient way of doing terminal blood collection on antibody producing animals in order to get as much serum as possible. Bleeding can be done either by venipuncture or cardiac stick. It is not effective in birds because of their tendency for clot formation3 or in reptiles because of their lower metabolic rate and high tolerance of hypoxia. Potassium chloride is a rapidly acting cardiotoxic agent. However, it causes seizures, gasping, and vocalizations and cannot be used as a euthanasia agent in awake animals. It is acceptable for use only in unconscious animals.1,3,19
Fully automatic d -lactate assay using a modified commercially available method
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2021
Rikke Wehner Rasmussen, David Straarup, Ole Thorlacius-Ussing, Aase Handberg, Peter Astrup Christensen
We prepared 0.1 M NaOH (reagent A) from 10 M NaOH (Cat. # 72068 Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for pH inactivation of endogenous L-LDH. Potassium chloride (KCl) (0.1 M) was prepared from 1 M KCl (Cat. # 60142; Sigma-Aldrich). d-lactate (100 mM) stock solution was prepared from pure d-lactic acid (Cat. # L0625; Sigma-Aldrich) in 0.1 M KCl and stored at 4 °C for no longer than 6 months. d-Lactate controls in the concentration range 0.05–10mM were prepared from d-lactate stock solution in 0.1 M KCl and stored at 4 °C for no longer than 3 months. l-lactate stock solution was prepared from pure l-lactic acid (Cat. # L1750, Sigma-Aldrich) in 0.1 M KCl and stored at 4 °C for no longer than 6 months. Reagents for the d-lactate assay were obtained from the d-lactate kit (K-DATE, Megazyme International Ireland, Co. Wicklow, Ireland).
Evaluation of knowledge and practices about administration and regulations of high alert medications among hospital pharmacists in Pakistan: findings and implications
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Muhammad Salman, Zia Ul Mustafa, Naureen Shehzadi, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Noman Asif, Yusra Habib Khan, Tahir Mehmood Khan, Khalid Hussain
Rapid administration of potassium chloride (KCl) concentrates causes serious adverse events; risks of arrhythmias, cardiac arrest and even deaths28–30. Therefore, KCl should be diluted in a suitable diluent before administration and administered slowly to avoid undesirable effects. Our findings showed that a considerable number of respondents did not know that KCl should not be administered by fast IV push. In addition, around one-fourth of study participants were not aware that KCl (15%) should be avoided to be stored in hospital wards or nursing units, and free access of nurses to this drug is not advised. Previous studies among nurses and physicians also highlighted inadequacies in the knowledge of KCl administration necessitating interventions for improvement12,13,15,31. The death of a nine months old child in Pakistan following the rapid IV administration of KCL indicates that the health professionals are not much aware of the appropriate use of HAMs, necessitating the need for structured training programs in hospitals.
Inducing systemic hyperkalemia for cardiac arrest during cardiopulmonary bypass with patent cardiac circulation
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Altaf Panjwani, Mitesh J. Patel, Colten Youngblood, Alessandro Lione, Justin Schaffer, Robert Smith
For two patients needing cardiac valve replacements, cardiac catheterization was performed, which demonstrated prior complex multivessel coronary artery disease with patent grafts. Redo sternotomy was performed. Cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated via cannulation and the patients were cooled to 25°C. Antegrade and retrograde Del Nido cold cardioplegia was administered to achieve a diastolic arrest, the aorta was cross-clamped, and cardiac valve replacement(s) was performed. Both patients had a live left internal mammary artery (LIMA), and a “no-touch” technique was utilized to avoid isolation. Potassium (80 mEq) was administered to achieve a systemic potassium of 6.5 mmol/L to augment our ability to maintain electromechanical arrest during the case despite the live LIMA graft. Cardioplegia was dosed approximately every 45 minutes to ensure adequate myocardial protection. During the cross-clamp time, two subsequent doses of 20 mEq of potassium chloride were given to maintain a serum potassium level of 6.5 mmol/L. Prior to removing the aortic cross-clamp, the perfusionist utilized zero-balance ultrafiltration, and the anesthesiologist administered insulin and glucose to achieve a serum potassium close to 5 mmol/L. Both cases required inotropic support after surgery, and the postoperative courses were uneventful.
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