Sodium and Potassium
Giuseppe Mancia, Guido Grassi, Konstantinos P. Tsioufis, Anna F. Dominiczak, Enrico Agabiti Rosei in Manual of Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, 2019
Unfortunately, only few data are available about the effect of potassium supplementation on cardiovascular organ damage in humans. A randomized controlled trial on 42 mild hypertensive patients found that both potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate supplementation improved AS (assessed as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) and endothelial function (expressed as brachial artery flow—mediated dilatation), decreased left ventricular mass and ameliorated left ventricular diastolic function when compared with placebo (37). No difference between the two potassium salts was detected. On the other hand, only potassium chloride supplementation also reduced 24-h urinary albumin excretion.
Sustainable Production of Aquatic and Wetland Plants
Namrita Lall in Aquatic Plants, 2020
Like terrestrial plants, aquatic plants require carbon for photosynthesis. Floating plants and emergent species absorb carbon from the atmosphere, this is not possible for submerged species. The diffusion of carbon into water is difficult and slow, especially at high pH, requiring continuous aeration of the water, which may be accomplished using air or water pumps. Furthermore, inorganic carbon, necessary for submerged species, may be added through potassium bicarbonate along with other essential nutrients, including calcium, sodium, and magnesium (Smart and Barko 1984). This is a general practice in maintaining aquatic tanks for plant propagation.
Fanconi Syndrome
Charles Theisler in Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Sodium Bicarbonate: FS causes metabolic acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate. Acidosis may be lessened by giving tablets or solutions of sodium bicarbonate (e.g., 3–10 mg/kg/d in divided doses), potassium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, or potassium citrate (e.g., Shohl’s solution with sodium citrate and citric acid).2 To help prevent diarrhea and stomach upset, take each dose after a meal, mixing the prescribed dose of medication in a full glass (4–8 ounces or 120–240 milliliters) of cold water or juice just before taking. Drink the entire mixture slowly. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for further instructions.3
Oral potassium overdose: a case series
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Arushi Madan, Christopher Morris, Anna Goggin, Katherine Z. Isoardi
The two formulations of oral potassium available in Australia are an immediate-release effervescent tablet and a sustained-release tablet, both of which are prescription-only Schedule 4 drugs [1]. The effervescent tablet consists of a combination of potassium chloride, potassium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate providing 548 mg potassium and 283 mg of chloride (14 mmol potassium, 8 mmol chloride) [2]. The sustained-release tablet formulation consists of 600 mg potassium chloride crystals (8 mmol potassium, 8 mmol chloride) coated with insoluble wax and pressed into a wax matrix, from which the potassium chloride slowly diffuses [3]. In therapeutic use, peak potassium concentration is reached around two and five hours after ingestion of immediate and sustained-release preparations respectively and both formulations have >90% bioavailability [4]. With larger sustained-release ingestions, the insoluble wax matrix may contribute to forming pharmacobezoars, which can cause delayed or erratic absorption and/or local toxicity with gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction from increased contact of the irritant potassium [5]. While hyperkalaemia increases gastrointestinal motility, potential co-ingestion with agents delaying motility, such as anticholinergic drugs, may further increase risk of local toxicity. Crushing or chewing tablets may increase early systemic absorption by impairing the slow-release mechanism [5]. These factors together can result in significant variability in peak concentration, time-to-peak concentration, potential physiological adaptation, and associated onset and duration of clinical effects.
Low-intensity light-induced drug release from a dual delivery system comprising of a drug loaded liposome and a photosensitive conjugate
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Igor Meerovich, Michael G. Nichols, Alekha K. Dash
In order to determine the drug load in the liposomes, an aliquot of 100 µl was lysed by adding 19-fold volume of absolute ethanol (final ethanol/buffer ratio 19:1 v/v) and the doxorubicin concentration was determined using HPLC. The HPLC determination was done on a Shimadzu instrument with SCL-10A controller and SPD-M10A diode array detector, using Aquasil C18 reverse phase column (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA; 250 × 4.6 mm, particle size 5 µm; part #77505-254630). Elution was made based on a method proposed by Niu et al. [36] with a gradient between 5 mM solution of potassium bicarbonate in 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid and acetonitrile (15–69% acetonitrile linear over 12 min, with a flow rate of 1 ml/min). The retention time of DoxHCl was 10.6 min, the peak did not overlap with any other components.
In vivo antiaging effects of alkaline water supplementation
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Mariantonia Logozzi, Davide Mizzoni, Rossella Di Raimo, Mauro Andreotti, Daniele Macchia, Massimo Spada, Stefano Fais
A recent review suggests that a control of the pH balance in our body may well be helpful in reducing the level of bacterial overgrowth in the compartments where there is constitutive cohabitation between bacteria and our epithelial cells (e.g. the gut)61. This, in turn suggests that a daily intake of AWS may be key in avoiding bacterial overgrowth during our life. In females, the intake of water and hopefully alkaline water is key inasmuch as water is essential for the full functioning of our natural buffering mechanisms (e.g. HCO3− production). In fact, an outdated paper have shown as acidification underlays osteoporosis62, an age-related conditions of women, in turn suggesting that to drink alkaline water is a key way to reduce osteoporosis in women. A more recent clinical study has shown as the daily administration of potassium bicarbonate in post-menopausal women induced bone re-mineralisation63, further supporting a critical role of alkaline water for the health of the human beings.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Carbon Dioxide
- Inorganic Compound
- Potassium Carbonate
- Reagent
- Sodium Bicarbonate
- Stroke
- Preferred Iupac Name
- Low Sodium Diet
- Buffer Solution
- Kidney Stone Disease