Capsule Shell Manufacture
Larry L. Augsburger, Stephen W. Hoag in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2017
Pullulan is the other gelatin substitute that has been used for marketed hard capsules, originally named31 NPcaps and afterward renamed Plantcaps by Capsugel.32 Pullulan is made by fermentation of tapioca by the polymorphic fungus, Aureobasidium pullulans.33 It has GRAS status and has been widely used in Japan since the 1980s. It has no setting properties, and to manufacture hard capsules, solutions require additives. The material recommended for use was desalted pullulan (Japanese pharmaceuticals excipient grade).34 The preferred hydrocolloid gelling agents were kappa-carrageenan or gellan gum at a concentration of 0.03% to 1%.35 These require the addition of a cation, and the preferred salt was potassium chloride at a concentration of 1.32%; in addition, the patent gave examples using 0.25% potassium acetate. A sequestering agent, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or citric acid and their salts, was recommended if gellan gum was used to improve the solubility of the resulting capsules. To aid the manual handling of the capsules and their performance on filling machines, a surfactant, such as sodium lauryl sulfate or sorbitan oleate, was recommended to improve their surface properties: to delay the rapid remoisturizing of the capsules when handled, which makes the capsules feel tacky, and by providing a temporary water-repellant surface to reduce the sliding friction on filling machines.36
Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disturbances
John K. DiBaise, Carol Rees Parrish, Jon S. Thompson in Short Bowel Syndrome Practical Approach to Management, 2017
IV potassium supplementation is highly effective, although it carries risks. The most serious risk associated with IV potassium is arrhythmia, which is closely associated with the rate of infusion. As a general rule, the rate of potassium infusion should never exceed 10 mEq/hour in the absence of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. Infusion rates >10 mEq/hour should be given only in settings with continuous cardiac monitoring, such as the intensive care unit. Rates above 20 mEq/ hour are highly irritating to peripheral veins. An infusion rate >40 mEq/hour is not recommended. The preferred vehicle in delivering potassium is saline solution, as infusing large amount of dextrose may stimulate insulin release, which would drive plasma potassium intracellularly. Potassium acetate should be considered in patients with hypokalemia who also have metabolic acidosis or a bicarbonate deficit. Similarly, potassium phosphate can be used in hypokalemic patients with concomitant hypophosphatemia. To maximize potassium retention, serum magnesium concentration should be monitored and deficiency corrected.
Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Aloe vera Gel Extract
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Phytomedicine, 2020
The total flavonoid content was analyzed by the aluminum tri chloride colorimetric method (Suman Chandra et al. 2014). One milligram of the sample was added to 25 µL of potassium acetate (1 M) and 25 µL of aluminum tri chloride (10%), and made up to 1.2 mL with distilled water. This was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. The quercetin was used as the standard reference and the absorbance was measured at 415 nm. The results were expressed as quercetin equivalents (mg QE/g of dry extract).
Antidiarrheal activity of methanol extract of Sophora tonkinensis in mice and spasmolytic effect on smooth muscle contraction of isolated jejunum in rabbits
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Yangyou Li, Jing Li, Xin Liu, Jianwu Zhang, Xue Mei, Rudan Zheng, Wei Chen, Qian Zheng, Shangjie Zhong
All chemicals of research grade were used for experimental work. Sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, glucose, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ferric chloride, aluminum chloride and potassium acetate were produced by Chengdu Cologne Chemicals Co. Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Acetylcholine chloride was from Chengdu Huaxia Chemical Testing Co. Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The castor oil was from Henan Hualong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Henan, China). Verapamil was from MedChemexpress Co., Ltd. (NJ, USA). Loperamide was from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Whereas hydrochloric acid (School of Pharmacy Laboratory Supplies, Nanchong, China), ferric chloride, methanol, potassium acetate and aluminum chloride were used in phytochemical analysis of crude extract. Distilled water was used for the preparation of standard solutions, dilution and physiological salt solutions (Tyrode’s solutions).
Multidimensional Studies of Pancratium parvum Dalzell Against Acetylcholinesterase: A Potential Enzyme for Alzheimer’s Management
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Devashree N. Patil, Shrirang R. Yadav, Sushama Patil, Vishwas A. Bapat, Jyoti P. Jadhav
Total phenolics and flavonoids content were estimated as described by Adewusi and Steenkamp (2011) (9), with few modifications. For phenolics quantification, the total reaction mixture had a final volume of 4 ml containing plant extract with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (diluted with water 1:10 v/v) and sodium carbonate. The resultant mixture was then incubated for 90 min at room temperature. Absorbance was measured at 765 nm using UV-Visible spectrophotometer and phenolic content was expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram (mg GAE g −1) of dry mass. Similarly, for flavonoids evaluation, sample was mixed with 10% aluminum chloride solution with 1 M potassium acetate. The solution was allowed to stand for 30 min and absorbance was measured at 415 nm. The result was expressed as milligram of quercetin equivalents per gram (mg QUEg −1) of dry weight.
SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates alters the composition and functional activity of the gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Harry Sokol, Vanessa Contreras, Pauline Maisonnasse, Aurore Desmons, Benoit Delache, Valentin Sencio, Arnaud Machelart, Angela Brisebarre, Lydie Humbert, Lucie Deryuter, Emilie Gauliard, Severine Heumel, Dominique Rainteau, Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet, Elisabeth Menu, Raphael Ho Tsong Fang, Antonin Lamaziere, Loic Brot, Celine Wahl, Cyriane Oeuvray, Nathalie Rolhion, Sylvie Van Der Werf, Stéphanie Ferreira, Roger Le Grand, François Trottein
Fecal Genomic DNA was extracted from 200 mg of feces as previously described.56 Following microbial lysis with both mechanical and chemical steps, nucleic acids were precipitated in isopropanol for 10 minutes at room temperature, incubated for 15 minutes on ice and centrifuged for 30 minutes at 15,000 g and 4°C. Pellets were suspended in 112 µl of phosphate buffer and 12 µl of potassium acetate. After RNase treatment and DNA precipitation, nucleic acids were recovered via centrifugation at 15,000 g and 4°C for 30 min. The DNA pellet was suspended in 100 µl of TE buffer. Microbial diversity and composition were determined for each sample by targeting a portion of the ribosomal genes. A 16S rRNA gene fragment comprising V3 and V4 hypervariable regions (16S; 5′-TACGGRAGGCAGCAG-3′ and 5′-CTACCNGGGTATCTAAT-3′) was amplified using an optimized and standardized 16S-amplicon-library preparation protocol (Metabiote, GenoScreen). Briefly, 16S rRNA gene PCR was performed starting with 5 ng genomic DNA and using unique barcoded primers (Metabiote MiSeq Primers, GenoScreen) at final concentrations of 0.2 μM and an annealing temperature of 50°C f or 30 cycles. The PCR products were purified using an Agencourt AMPure XP-PCR Purification system (Beckman Coulter), quantified according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and multiplexed at equal concentrations. Sequencing was performed using a 250-bp paired-end sequencing protocol on an Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina) at GenoScreen. Positive (artificial bacteria Community comprising 17 different bacteria (ABCv2)) and negative (sterile water) control were also included.
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