Biologically Active Vitamin B12 from Edible Seaweeds
Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati in Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
In aquatic environments, algae appear to acquire B12 through a symbiotic relationship with B12-synthesizing bacteria because half of all the algae require B12 (Croft et al. 2005). Porphyra spp. reportedly have the ability to take up and accumulate exogenous B12 (Yamada et al. 1996), which is derived through such microbial interactions. Even algae that do not require B12 for growth can accumulate substantial B12 amounts and can use it as a cofactor for B12-dependent methionine synthase (Helliwell et al. 2016).
Nutritional Composition of the Main Edible Algae
Leonel Pereira in Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
Porphyran is a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from selected (red) algae of the Order Bangiales, Phylum Rhodophyta, especially from the genus Porphyra/Pyropia (Villarroel and Zanlungo 1980, Bhatia et al. 2008). The chemical structure of porphyran comprises of a linear backbone of alternating 3-linked ß-D-galactose and 4-linked a-L-galactose-6-sulfate or 3,6-anhydro-a-L-galactose units (Fig. 2.3) (Zhang et al. 2005).
Natural compounds and extracts as novel antimicrobial agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Paolo Guglielmi, Virginia Pontecorvi, Giulia Rotondi
Furthermore, algae extracts obtained from Rhodophyta (red algae), Laminaria (brown algae belonging to Phaeophyceae class) and Porphyra were employed in the embodiment compositions. In general, the products evaluated as antimicrobial agents comprised A. factorovskyi extract along with one or more (up to 25) extracts of the plants reported in the Table 1. The addition of these extracts to the main A. factorovskyi one improved some pharmaceutical properties: for example, the introduction of one or more extracts obtained from Salvia officinalis, Citrus genus, Origanum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, and Melaleuca alternifolia empowered the penetration of the substances through the pathogens membrane, thus enforcing antimicrobial activity. The concentration of A. factorovskyi extract in the composition depended on the use intended for. Therefore, for the external treatments the concentration of the extract spanned from 0.1% to 10%, while a content ranging from 0.2% to 20% was intended for in vivo treatment. Considering the entire compositions (i.e. containing also the other extracts), the concentration of the extract has been modulated depending on the requested activity, target and/or substrate type and whether the extract was employed alone (e.g. A. factorovskyi) or in combination with additional extracts. In general, the entire composition is diluted to obtain a final concentration comprised in the range 0.1%-50% with respect to the total composition.
Enhancement of Biochemical and Nutritional Contents of Some Cultivated Seaweeds Under Laboratory Conditions
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Mona M. Ismail, Mostafa El-Sheekh
During the past 50 years, approximately 100 seaweed taxa have been tested in field farms, but only five genera (Laminaria, Undaria, Porphyra, Eucheuma/Kappaphycus, and Gracilaria) represent about 98% of the world's seaweed production (Pereira and Yarish, 2008). During the past 10 years, the production of cultivated seaweed increased, but the production of wild seaweed did not change considerably. Although production of wild and cultured seaweed reached almost 18.2 × 106 tons in 2010, it is still not sufficient to fulfill the growing demand (FAO, 2012). Continuous efforts have been made to study the life cycle and ecophysiology of already cultivated or promising macroalgae species to overcome this problem. Roesijadi et al. (2010) stated that the cultivation of macroalgal technology could potentially increase production 3- to 10-fold with a corresponding decrease in the area needed for cultivation to meet specified production goals.
Biofouling in marine aquaculture: a review of recent research and developments
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Jana Bannister, Michael Sievers, Flora Bush, Nina Bloecher
Fouling organisms on ropes and rafts used to culture seaweeds can cause infrastructure to sink below the surface, requiring labour-intensive cleaning and leading to a loss of productivity (Marroig and Reis 2011, 2016). Biofouling on infrastructure can also cause environmental effects beyond geographic farm boundaries. For example, the recurring large-scale green tides in the Yellow Sea of China originated from the green alga Ulva prolifera that was scraped off rafts at Pyropia (syn. Porphyra) yezoensis farms in the Yellow Sea (Fan et al. 2015; Song et al. 2018). The decomposition of green tides can result in hypoxia and acidification, induce red tides and have long lasting effects on the coastal carbon cycle and ecosystem health (reviewed in Zhang et al. 2019).
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