Isolation, Fractionation, and Analysis of Nonhistone Chromosomal Proteins
Lubomir S. Hnilica in Chromosomal Nonhistone Proteins, 2018
The “molecular sieve” effect307,314,315 of polyacrylamide gel is closely related to its structure, i.e., to the concentration of the polymer, which may be varied over wide limits. The “average pore size” appears to be roughly 2, 5, and 15 nm at polyacrylamide concentrations of 20, 7.5, and 3%, respectively.307 Electrophoretic separation is improved by selecting a suitable concentration of acrylamide to give a pore size optimal to the dimensions of the molecules being separated.307 However, what is optimal for one protein need not be so for another. Hence, in complex mixtures of components such as total NHCP extract, high resolution of one part of the protein spectrum may only be attained at the expense of another.315
Industrial and environmental agents
James W. Albers, Stanley Berent in Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Neurological and Neuropsychological Perspectives, 2005
The neurotoxicity of the vinyl monomer acrylamide is well established, and acrylamide is commonly used in animal models of toxic neuropathy. Acrylamide has commercial application in soil grouting for stabilization, water proofing, and as a flocculator. The polymer, polyacrylamide, is non-toxic, but it can be contaminated with acrylamide monomer (Mulloy, 1996). Acrylamide is water-soluble, and it is absorbed via oral, dermal, and respiratory exposures. Following sufficient exposure, acrylamide produces dermal irritation, stocking–glove sensory loss and weakness, unsteady gait, and loss of reflexes (Garland & Patterson, 1967). The first descriptions of acrylamide intoxication appeared shortly after it was commercially manufactured (Gold & Schaumburg, 2000). Initial descriptions of occupationally exposed workers emphasized sensory and motor signs of neuropathy plus a degree of ataxia that was thought to be disproportionate to the magnitude of sensory loss, perhaps representing cerebellar involvement (Garland & Patterson, 1967). In spite of the known neurotoxic potential, clinical examples of acrylamide neuropathy are not particularly common. As of 1992, there had been only 67 documented cases of acrylamide poisoning worldwide, excluding China, although mild or subclinical cases may go unrecognized (Gold & Schaumburg, 2000). The following case presentation, taken from the literature, is representative of other reports of acrylamide intoxication and consistent with information derived from animal models.
The Application of Supersaturated Systems to Percutaneous Drug Delivery
Richard H. Guy, Jonathan Hadgraft in Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2002
The amount of polymer needed for maximum permeation enhancement was different for each polymer (Fig. 4). The studies indicate that cellulose polymers were most effective, whereas polyacrylamide was the least effective. They also found that polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400), which have very similar structures, had different effects on the permeation enhancement. While only 0.5% of the former was sufficient to produce maximum enhancement, 5% of the latter was required for the same effect. They have suggested this variation to be due to the difference in their molecular weights, which has also been found by Megrab et al. (1995), who obtained a variation of flux of estradiol with variation in the molecular weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
Hepatoprotective effect of Raspberry ketone and white tea against acrylamide-induced toxicity in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Soha M. Hamdy, Zakaria El-Khayat, Abdel Razik Farrag, Ola N. Sayed, Mervat M. El-Sayed, Diaa Massoud
Acrylamide (AA) is a major pollutant in the surrounding environment which used extensively in the manufacturing of polyacrylamide. Chemically, it is water soluble molecule of α, β-unsaturated amide (Semla et al. 2017). AA doesn’t exist naturally, it is formed in foods rich with carbohydrates and amino acids cooked at high temperature through Maillard browning reaction (Rannou et al. 2016, Murkovic and Pedreschi 2017, Acaroz et al. 2018, Erdemli et al. 2019). Oral consumption of AA reaches to the blood circulations, then dispersed to pivotal organs, and reacts with nerve cells, DNA, hemoglobin, and other crucial enzymes; causing deleterious impacts (Hamdy et al. 2017, Belhadj Benziane et al. 2019, Ige et al. 2019). The hazardous impacts of AA’s include neurotoxicity (Zhao et al. 2017, Faria et al. 2018), reproductive toxicity (Sun et al. 2018) and carcinogenicity (M. R. Khan et al.2018, de Conti et al. 2019) are due to its biotransformation to a more reactive metabolite (Semla et al. 2017, Batoryna et al. 2019).
Analysis of the acrylamide in breads and evaluation of mitochondrial/lysosomal protective agents to reduce its toxicity in vitro model
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Ahmad Salimi, Rafat Pashaei, Shahab Bohlooli, Mehrdad Vaghar-Moussavi, Jalal Pourahmad
In each country, according to published studies, the different level of acrylamide was reported in foods especially in bakery, potato, and coffee products (Claus et al.2008). There are two potential ways for exposure to acrylamide contain direct exposure through high-carbohydrate foods such as bakery and potato products and indirect exposure through food packaging with polyacrylamide (Keramat et al.2011). Also, a low level of acrylamide is detected in cigarette (1–2 µg/cigarette) (Moldoveanu and Gerardi 2011). Therefore, detection of acrylamide in food product especially in bakery products is an important solicitude for many countries. According to reported data in previous studies, it is estimated 20% of human exposure to acrylamide through baking products and bread. However, coffee and potato products were still the main sources of acrylamide (Friedman 2003). It is estimated that the average intake of acrylamide for adults is (0.3–0.6 µg/kg/day) while children are exposed with a range of 0.4–0.6 µg/kg/day of acrylamide (Zamani et al.2017). The presence of acrylamide in foods caused remarkable solicitude because acrylamide is classified by IARC as probably carcinogenic for humans at 2A group (Rice 2005). In this study, we showed a considerable amount of acrylamide in traditional breads in Ardabil city. The obtained results are consistent with other published studies (Eslamizad et al.2019). Therefore, traditional breads can be one of the main sources of acrylamide in Ardabil city and may be correlated with high number of gastrointestinal cancers in this area.
Improvement of palmoplantar pustulosis after excision of polyacrylamide injected into the nasal region
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Kazuya Kashiyama, Jinyoung Lee, Kazufumi Koga, Yumi Matsuo, Katsumi Tanaka
PAAG is a non-absorbable water-soluble gel. It is used in augmentation mammoplasty, rhinoplasty, and treatment of wrinkles, and is promoted as a relatively easy procedure that can be performed under local anesthesia. It does not require hospitalization, has a short downtime after surgery, does not require repeated injections because the substance is non-absorbable, unlike hyaluronic acid, and provides a natural appearance. It is composed of polyacrylamide (2–4%) and saline (96–98%), and is polymerized as a chain polymer to remove the biological membrane permeability of acrylamide to detoxify it. However, its safety is currently under discussion [8]. PAAG was introduced as a new material for augmentation mammaplasty around 2000 in China, but its manufacture, sale, and injection are now prohibited because of adverse effects. No major complications were observed over several years of observation in the early phase after its use for augmentation mammaplasty, but problems have been observed over long-term observation such as aberration of other regions, induration, infection, mastitis, and impairment of breastfeeding [9]. PAAG was reported to be safe because it is highly biocompatible and not carcinogenic, unlike another simple substance, Aquamid [10,11]. However, concerns about neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity have been frequently reported [9,12–14].
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