Grinding gives power and color
Dinesh Kumar Jain in Homeopathy, 2022
The dilution and trituration effects of mercury are increased. But this potentization is not due to dilute mercury, but it is due to the formation of mercuric oxide, which is highly potent in higher dilution than concentrated mercury. With the knowledge of chemistry, we know that “Silver undergoes no change in water or pure air. Silver is unaffected by caustic alkalis even on fusion and by vegetable acids. Dilute hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid also have no action” (Soni, 1981, p. 2.141). “Gold does not tarnish when exposed to air or oxygen even at high temperature. Common acids do not attack it if used singly” (Soni, 1981, p. 2.154). “Platinum is a noble metal and is very slightly affected even on prolonged heating in air. It is very resistant to the action or acids. Boiling concentrated sulfuric acid attacks it to a slight extent” (Soni, 1981, p. 3.311).
Green-Synthesized Nanoparticles as Potential Sensors for Health Hazardous Compounds
Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi in Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Another set of green method of synthesizing nanoparticles which continue to gain interest towards the detection of hazardous compounds is platinum nanoparticles. Platinum metals are known to be resistant to chemical outbreaks and corrosion and it possesses a high melting point and surface area. It is a resourceful catalytic agent in hydrogen storage, in direct methanol fuel cells and in the reduction of automobile pollution among others. On the other hand, various methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (PtNPs) such as chemical precipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, sol process, sol–gel route and vapour deposition which unfortunately all come with restrictions such as high energy requirements, multistep processes and non-safety. Plant-mediated synthesis methods for the synthesis of PtNPs are the solution to remedy these issues since they are eco-friendly, low cost and simple. Thus far, very few reports are available for the synthesis of PtNPs using plant extracts (Jia et al., 2009; Nasrollahzadeh et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2014) and their use in the detection of hazardous compounds such as hydrazine and nitrobenzene.
Anti-Tumor Activity of Verbascoside-Loaded Noble Metal Nanoparticles
Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib in Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Among various noble metal NPs, platinum is a rare metal. Also, commonly utilized platinum NPs have a diameter that ranges between 10 and 50 nm. A platinum NP that is highly effective against cancer is known as cisplatin. For the capacity of entering the cells, platinum NPs have an advantage over platinum when it comes to cancer treatment. A report shed light on the fact that platinum could exert an impact on the DNA integrity and redox systems of human colon carcinoma cell line. Besides that, the toxic effects have an inverse correlation with the diameter of platinum NPs [9]. Mohammadi et al. investigated the cytotoxic effect of PtNPs on MCF-7 and HepG-2 cell line by MTT assay, and confirmed that the IC50 was 2.904 and 6.829 mg/ml in HepG-2 and MCF-7, respectively [10].
The effects of cisplatin and jaceosidin on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells: an electron microscopic, molecular and biochemical study
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Pinar Bayram, Selina Aksak Karamese, Bengul Özdemir, Aysegul Durak, Deniz Billur
The history of platinum in cancer treatment began more than 150 years ago with the first synthesis of cisplatin by M. Peyrone in 1844 and its chemical structure was first elucidated by Alfred Werner in 1893.4,5 However, the compound did not gain scientific investigations until the 1960‘s when the initial observations of Rosenberg6 at Michigan State University. Cisplatin was among those FDA-approved platinum compound for cancer treatment in 1978, and began to be used as an anticancer therapeutic drug.7,8 In all cancer cells including SH-SY5Y, cisplatin makes 1,2-intrastrand cross-links of purine bases with cisplatin are the most notable among the changes in DNA. Moreover, it induces apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial permeability through various mechanisms.9,10 Despite its effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis, its clinical use is quite limited. Because it has side effects such as nephrotoxicity, hepatic toxicity, cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity.11,12 One of the key factors in cisplatin toxicity is oxidative stress which come out by the activities of some enzymes including Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Lipid peroxidase (LPO).13
Physiological responses to cisplatin using a mouse hypersensitivity model
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2020
David M. Lehmann, Wanda C. Williams
Other insights into platinum hypersensitivity can be gleaned from this study. Of particular interest, early reports of platinum hypersensitivity suggested that platinum compounds containing more chlorines are more potent sensitizers (Cleare et al. 1976; Murdoch and Pepys 1984a, 1984b, 1985, 1986; Schuppe et al. 1992, 1997; Linnett and Hughes 1999). In contrast, we showed that the dermal sensitizing potency of halogenated platinum salts was not influenced by the number of chlorines the platinum compound contained when evaluated in the local lymph node assay (LLNA;Williams et al. 2014). The utility of LLNA potency values for respiratory sensitizers has been questioned (Basketter and Kimber, 2011; Williams and Lehmann 2015). Using our mouse model with the capacity to evaluate changes in lung function, we showed that the magnitude of the IR response to AHCP was greater than the response to ATCP (Lehmann and Williams 2018), an outcome consistent with the aforementioned chlorination hypothesis. In the current study, CDDP, which only contains two chlorines, did not induce an IR providing further evidence that the number of chlorines coordinated with platinum may influence the manifestation of type I hypersensitivity symptoms. In addition, these findings provide more evidence that LLNA-derived potency values may be of limited utility for respiratory sensitizers. Follow-up studies are necessary to better understand the role chlorination plays in the manifestation of allergic effects in dermally sensitized mice.
Successes, failures, and future prospects of prodrugs and their clinical impact
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2019
Anas Najjar, Rafik Karaman
One of the oldest and most commonly prescribed agents in cancer is cisplatin (13 in Figure 2). It is a structurally simple drug; it consists of a platinum core, two chlorine atoms, and two amine groups. The groups are in a cis arrangement, i.e. adjacent to each other, hence, the name, (cis) platin. Upon an uptake, cisplatin is activated by losing the two chlorine atoms due to the acidic low chlorine environment of tumour cells, creating a highly reactive Pt2+ species, which, in turn, exerts its anti-tumour effect by binding to cancer DNA. Platinum can also create 6 bonds, in contrast to the 4 created in cisplatin, which can lead to the reactive Pt2+ species in a similar manner. The two extra bonds in Pt(IV) prodrugs have been utilized to decrease the toxicity of cisplatin and to target platinum-based prodrugs. Successful examples include iproplatin (14 in Figure 2) and satraplatin (15 in Figure 2) [6].