Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Dwarf pine oil (synonym: mountain pine oil) is obtained from the needles and twigs of the dwarf mountain pine. It has been used to treat acute and chronic respiratory diseases by steam or cold inhalation. It is also added to bath oils and may be used as air freshener (13). Dwarf pine oil is considered a dermal irritant and sensitizer (from its high δ3-carene content, air-oxidized chemicals which are important allergens in some turpentine oils) and is therefore not used in aromatherapy (1,2).
Microbial environment of the manufacturing plant
Philip A. Geis in Cosmetic Microbiology, 2006
Phosphoric acid has only limited use in a plant environment. It is combined with other chemical products such as iodophors and used in tile and bathroom cleaners. Hydrogen peroxide is not used extensively as a chemical sanitizer. It is primarily useful for cleaning deep puncture wounds of the skin. Its bubbling action helps to lift out dirt deep within a wound but its disinfection capacity is minimal. Pine oil also has limited use in a manufacturing plant.
Production of Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Texarome, a big producer of cedarwood oil and related products holds a patent on another continuous distillation system. In contrast to other systems, the biomass is conveyed pneumatically within the system. It is a novel system spiked with new technology of that time. Texan cedarwood oil is produced from the whole tree, branches, roots, and stumps. Cedarwood used in Virginia uses exclusively branches, stumps, sawdust, and other waste for oil production; wood is used mainly for furniture making. The wood is passed through a chipper and then through a hammer mill. The dust is collected by means of a cyclone. Any coarse dust is reground to the desired size. The dust is now carried via a plug feeder to the first contactor where superheated steam in reverse flow exhausts it in a first step and following that in a similar second step at the next contactor. The steam and oil vapors are carried into a condenser. The liquid distillate is then separated in Florentine flasks. This process does all transport entirely by pneumatic means. The recycling of cooling water and the use of the dried plant matter as a fuel contribute to environmental requirements (Arnodou, 1991). In the 1990s, the BIOLANDES company designed its own system of continuous distillation. The reason for this was BIOLANDES” engagement in the forests of South West France. The most important area of pine trees (P. pinaster Sol.) supplying the paper industry exists between Bordeaux and Biarritz. Twigs and needles have been burnt or left to rot to assist with reforestation with new trees. These needles contain a fine essential oil very similar to that of the dwarf pine oil (P. mugo Turra.). Compared to other needle oils, dwarf pine oil is very expensive and greatly appreciated. The oil was produced by a discontinuous distillation but as demand rose, new and improved methods were required. First of all, the collection of the branches had to be improved. A tractor equipped with a crude grinder and a ground wood storage box follows the wood and branch cutters and transports it to the nearby distillation unit where the biomass is exhausted via a continuous distillation process. In contrast to the earlier described methods, the BIOLANDES continuous distillation process operates somewhat differently. The plant material is carried by mechanical means from the storage to the fine cutter and via an Archimedes screw to the top of the distillation pot. The plant material is now compressed by another vertical screw and transported into a chamber that is then hermetically closed on its back but opening at the front. Biomass is falling down allowing the countercurrent passage of hot steam through it. The steam is supplied through numerous nozzles. Endless screws at the bottom of the still continuously dispose of the exhausted biomass. Oil-laden steam is channeled from the top of the still into condenser and then the oil separator.
Pyrethroid based pesticides – chemical and biological aspects
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Anandha Rao Ravula, Suresh Yenugu
These are also referred to as biopesticides and a variety of them such as botanically derived compounds, antibiotics from microbes, pheromones of insects, microbial organisms, entomophagous nematodes, etc (Copping and Menn 2000). The most popular among them are of botanical origin that include crude extracts or purified compounds derived from different plants. Botanical pesticides have been used for centuries to protect stored food items, repelling household pests and also as fragrances (Isman 2006). Pyrethrum, azadirachtin nicotine, sabadilla, ryania, fluoroacetate, carboxin and Cry proteins of B. thuringiensis are used as insecticides (Oguh et al. 2019), whereas laminarine, fennel oil, lecithine are known to exhibit fungicidal properties. Citronella and pine oil derived products are used as repellents and herbicides, respectively (Isman 2006). Thus, plant protection products (PPPs) based on botanicals were developed to serve as pesticides. The target organ of the botanical based natural pesticides are diverse. The insecticides nicotine, sabadilla and pyrethrum act on the nerve cells, rotenone targets mitochondrial electron transport (Bomford and Isman 1996), ryania is a stomach poison (Oguh et al. 2019), azadirachtin is an inhibitor of the synthesis of ecdysteroids (Sieber and Rembold 1983), fluoroacetetate promotes citric acid accumulation (Clarke 1991), carboxin inhibits dehydrogenation of succinic acid to fumaric acid (Shievly and Mathre 1971). Biopesticides are known to have very low toxicity on mammalian physiology and are also cost effective and hence are increasingly being recognized throughout the world for plant protection in an eco-friendly manner.
Geospatial correlation between COVID-19 health misinformation and poisoning with household cleaners in the Greater Boston Area
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Michael A. Chary, Daniel L. Overbeek, Alexandria Papadimoulis, Adina Sheroff, Michele M. Burns
We included all calls involving household cleaning products: ammonia-, bleach-, and borate-based cleaners, phenol, and pine oil. A call is classified as involving household cleaning products if the pharmacist or nurse (poison specialist) taking the call identifies a household cleaning product as an ingestant.