Metallopharmaceuticals
Varma H. Rambaran, Nalini K. Singh in Alternative Medicines for Diabetes Management, 2023
Chromium(III)picolinate (CrPic) (Figure 4.7) is the most extensively studied antidiabetic and anti-obese chromium complex. It has been reported that CrPic treatment is able to protect from hepatocellular injury and also shows enhanced Cr translocation through the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase pathway, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Similarly, another study reported that the administration of the CrPic complex to insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes led to improved glucose uptake via the activation of the P38 pathway (Peng and Yang 2015).Structure of tris(picolinate)chromium(III) (CrPic).
Trace Minerals
Luke R. Bucci in Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Of particular interest are the effects of zinc chelates such as zinc monomethionine, zinc histidinate, zinc citrate, zinc aspartate, and zinc picolinate. These compounds appear to be zinc ligands in vivo808,809 and also improve bioavailability over zinc sulfate.822 It is believed that organic zinc salts would have less potential toxicity and less interference from and with other minerals. For example, zinc monomethionine uptake is independent of fiber intake, unlike zinc sulfate, which exhibits depressed uptake with fiber intake. An animal study compared zinc sulfate to zinc cysteamine-N-acetate during bone healing and found better results and less toxicity from the organic chelate.823 Thus, preliminary evidence indicates that organic zinc salts behave quite differently from zinc sulfate. Therapeutic trials with organic zinc chelates may offer a significant difference in results from zinc sulfate trials and are therefore worthy of further attention.
Weight loss supplements: general
Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke in Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
L-carnitine is synthesised from the amino acids lysine and methionine and is found naturally in the human diet, particularly in red meat and dairy products. It has been suggested that L-carnitine supplementation can increase fatty acid transport into mitochondria, leading to an increase in fatty acid oxidation and hence the proposed potential benefit for weight management, but further investigation is required (Broad et al., 2005; Rogers et al., 2009). Chromium picolinate, a complex of trivalent chromium (a trace mineral) and picolinic acid, which is better absorbed than dietary chromium, has been heavily marketed for both muscle building and fat loss, but the overwhelming majority of the data does not support these purported benefits (see section on chromium picolinate). Furthermore, it has been shown that chromium picolinate supplementation coupled with a training programme does not enhance body composition or performance variables beyond improvements seen with training alone (Clancy et al., 1994; Trent and Thieding-Cancel, 1995; Walker et al., 1998).
Chromium picolinate supplementation improves cardiac performance in hypoxic rats
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2022
Chromium is a trace mineral that has received much attention as a dietary supplement because many trials have proved its positive effect on blood glucose and lipid variables, especially in diabetic subjects [15]. Chromium exists in two forms; hexavalent (Cr6+) is a strong oxidising agent and has been shown to be toxic and carcinogenic, and trivalent (Cr3+) is found in foods and supplements and is considered to be safe [16]. Trivalent chromium is absorbed from the jejunum by passive diffusion and transported in the blood bound to the protein ‘transferrin’ to be delivered to tissues by endocytosis [17]. Chromium is distributed to different tissues but appears to be most concentrated in the liver, spleen, kidneys and muscles [16]. Whole-grain products, vegetables, nuts, meat and brewer’s yeast provide an abundant source of trivalent chromium [18]. Chromium supplements are available in the form of inorganic salts (such as chromium chloride) and organic forms, which have greater bioavailability than inorganic ones. Chromium picolinate (Cr(Pic)3), the most widely used organic supplement, contains Cr3+ chelated with three molecules of picolinic acid, a naturally occurring metabolic derivative of tryptophan [19].
Non-pharmacologic approaches for hidradenitis suppurativa – a systematic review
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Aleksi J. Hendricks, Penelope A. Hirt, Sahil Sekhon, Alexandra R. Vaughn, Hadar A. Lev-Tov, Jennifer L. Hsiao, Vivian Y. Shi
Zinc supplementation alone or in addition to topical triclosan is a promising adjunctive HS treatment. However, both aforementioned zinc supplementation studies reported gastrointestinal distress symptoms in ∼20% of patients, including nausea, abdominal pain, and esophagitis with zinc gluconate supplementation (72,73). Zinc picolinate is an alternative zinc complex with improved absorption that releases less free elemental zinc, thereby minimizing gastrointestinal distress (74). Patients should be cautioned that excess zinc supplementation might lead to copper deficiency. Higher doses of zinc should be taken with trace copper to avoid copper deficiency, at a minimum of the recommended dietary allowance of 900 µg daily (75). In patients taking high-dose zinc long-term, providers should be vigilant for signs and symptoms of copper deficiency including anemia, neutropenia and in severe cases, neurological manifestations such as neuropathy or ataxia (76,77).
Emerging therapeutic targets for osteoporosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Luigi Gennari, Daniela Merlotti, Alberto Falchetti, Cristina Eller Vainicher, Roberta Cosso, Iacopo Chiodini
Activation of the set of genes associated with the tryptophan degradation pathway, known as the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, plays a role in the osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs [112]. Studies in aged mice supported a role for Kyn, an intermediate metabolite of tryptophan degradation, in age-induced bone loss. In fact, in mice, an induced increase in Kyn levels (due to feeding or direct Kyn injection) caused accelerated skeletal aging by impairing OB differentiation and increasing OC-induced bone resorption [113]. A more recent case–control study demonstrated that Kyn levels, as assessed by bone marrow aspirates, increase with age and are higher in subjects with low bone mass or fractures [114], thus confirming a role of tryptophan degradation on age-related bone fragility in humans. Indeed, blocking this pathway through inhibition of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (Ido-1) in vitro or in vivo, reduced OB differentiation, increased OC number, and caused osteoporosis [112,115]. Conversely, picolinic acid, the end-product of the Kyn pathway, has a strong osteogenic effect on MSCs and increased bone formation in mice [112]. Thus, the discovery of the exact mechanism of action of tryptophan metabolites on bone cells might result in useful for the development of effective compounds with a dual antiresorptive and anabolic action on bone.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Carboxylic Acid
- Chelation
- Dietary Supplement
- Niacin
- Organic Compound
- Pyridine
- Isonicotinic Acid
- Zinc
- 2-Methylpyridine
- Redox