Inorganic Chemical Pollutants
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Phosphorus does not occur in nature as an element since it is very reactive. It occurs as rock phosphate (Figure 4.21). Phosphorus compounds are necessary for plant and animal metabolism. Therefore, they are used in many fertilizers. Phosphorus is used in the manufacture of matches and detergents. It is also used in the preparation of fungicides, pesticides, and insecticides in the form of phosphorus pentasulfide. Phosphorus is also used in toothpastes, flame retardants in textiles, acidifying agents for beverages (soft drinks), and dyeing agents for gases (as a base for making dyes). It is used as an intermediate in preparing phosphate esters used as plasticizers and additives for motor fuels, and it is a catalyst for surface treatment of metals. We have seen excess phosphorus compounds exacerbate chemical sensitivity. This type exposure is particularly devastating when they are organophosphate insecticides that can induce chemical sensitivity. Phosphorus will become trapped in the phosphorus pool of the body causing the formation of more toxic substances. It must be emphasized that intercellular phosphorylation of Ca2+ entering the nerve and vascular cell can combine with protein kinase A and C and cause hypersensitivity up to 1000 times. This hypersensitivity is extremely important in cellular response to numerous actions, including NMDA and TRPV1, TRPA, TRPM8 reactions.
Nutrition and Appetite Regulation in Children and Adolescents with End-Stage Renal Failure
Victor R. Preedy in Handbook of Nutrition and Diet in Palliative Care, 2019
Large amounts of phosphorus are typically found in dairy products, nuts, peanuts, legumes, mushrooms, cocoa, cola, meat and chocolate. Hyperphosphatemia results in secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy. Calcium-phosphorous crystals accumulate in blood vessels as vascular plaques, and in heart, joints, muscles and skin, resulting in coronary heart disease, stroke and other complications. Reduction of nutritional phosphorus is the most important measure to avoid renal osteodystrophy and cardiovascular complications by calcium-phosphorus plaques. Additionally, administration of phosphate binding medication and vitamin D is recommended (NKF 2000; EDTNA/ERCA 2009). Vitamin D is supplemented by medication containing either cholecalciferol (inactive), 1-hydroxycholecalciferol (activated in the liver) or 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (active vitamin D). Target organs of vitamin D are the intestines, the parathyroid, where it suppresses parathyroid hormone, the bone and the kidney. Adequate calcium phosphate metabolism has to be assessed by regular measurement of parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate and bone density (Wesseling-Perry and Salusky 2013).
Registrations of Geochemical Compositions of Soils, Plants, and Waters as a Basis for Geomedical Investigations in Finland
Jul Låg in Geomedicine, 2017
Phosphorus content in soil is a very important factor for plant growth, but it seems to have hardly any direct effect on man’s health. It occurs as a major component only in a few minerals, e.g., apatite, which is considered to be the main source of the element. Phosphorus has a distinct geographical distribution (Figure 4), although the highest concentrations occur in areas of widely different bedrock compositions (granites and granodiorites, migmatitic gneisses intermingled with granitic veins, and mica schists). Roughly similar areal trends are seen regardless of the geochemical material, such as till, minerogenic stream sediments and their heavy minerals (mainly apatite), but not the stream organic matter. Although the mean concentrations differ by a factor of two to ten in different geochemical materials, geochemical maps seem to be good sources of information when evaluating the regional differences in P reserves in natural forest lands. The highest P contents in cultivated soils occur in the northern half of the country, where the soils are the most acidic (see Reference 20). The richness in humus may well explain the occurrence of the above-average P contents in these soils, as it does the abundances of Fe and Mn.
3H-1,2-Benzoxaphosphepine 2-oxides as selective inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase IX and XII
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Aleksandrs Pustenko, Anastasija Balašova, Alessio Nocentini, Claudiu T. Supuran, Raivis Žalubovskis
Due to the high degree of structural homology and sequence similarities within the active site of the hCA isoforms, the design and development of isoform-selective hCA inhibitors pose a challenge7. A variety of compounds have been reported as potent and selective inhibitors of tumour-associated isoforms hCA IX and XII including coumarins8–11, thiocoumarins8,11, sulphocoumarins8,12–15, as well as their congeners, homosulphocoumarins (3H-1,2-benzoxathiepine 2,2-dioxides)16. In this work, attention was drawn to phosphorus, as phosphorus-containing molecules display a multitude of biological activities relevant in medicinal chemistry17. Additionally, several groups have shown the use of organophosphorus compounds as CA inhibitors18.
Effects of a high-phosphorus diet on the gut microbiota in CKD rats
Published in Renal Failure, 2021
Guoxin Ye, Wei Yang, Zhaori Bi, Liya Huang, Fang Liu
Phosphorus is an essential element required for a variety of physiological functions in the human body. A 70-kg adult absorbs approximately 1.6 g of phosphorus daily from food. Approximately 40–60% of the total ingested phosphorus in food is absorbed by the small intestine, and the rest is excreted from feces. Phosphorus excretion occurs mainly through urine, regulated by a network consisting of phosphatonins, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), Klotho, vitamin D3, thereby maintaining phosphorus homeostasis [1]. However, dietary phosphorus intake seemingly continues to increase as a result of the increasing application of phosphorus additives to processed foods and soft drinks [2]. As reported previously, 10–30% of the phosphorus consumed by people may be derived from inorganic phosphorus additives [2,3], exceeding the needs of healthy individuals. Although it is controversial whether dietary phosphorus intake results in direct serum phosphate changes in a healthy population, the potential adverse consequences to cardiovascular and bone health have received attention [4]. In individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperphosphatemia is a common complication that leads to severe morbidity and poor outcomes [3]. In addition, CKD patients may be particularly vulnerable to high dietary phosphorus intake, and high phosphorus intake may accelerate CKD [5,6]. Similar results have also been found in animal experiments [7,8].
In silico docking studies and synthesis of new phosphoramidate derivatives of 6-fluoro-3-(piperidin-4-yl)benzo[d]isoxazole as potential antimicrobial agents
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2020
Munichandra Reddy Sivala, Venkataramaiah Chintha, Krishna Murthy Potla, Sampath Chinnam, Naga Raju Chamarthi
Organophosphorus compounds are key substrates in drug designing and used in the development of various prodrug moieties. The phosphorus molecules play a vital role in biological processes, medicinal chemistry and agricultural chemistry [18–20]. Predominantly, phosphoramidates are important structural motifs that are found widely in natural and unnatural compounds of diverse applications. These derivatives could be used as drugs and pro-drugs due to their potential biological activities. In medicine, phosphoramidates found to exhibit anti-cancer [21–23], anti-HIV [24,25], inhibitors of hepatitis C virus [26,27] and anti-malarial agents [28]. In agriculture, they were reported as urease inhibitors [29], herbicides [30] and insecticides [31,32]. Literature survey reveals that phosphoramidate derivatives of nucleosides have shown promising antiretroviral activity when compared to the parent nucleoside [33,34]. Phosphoramidates are employed to synthesize phosphate esters in nucleotides chemistry [35,36] and these are key structural scaffolds in a number of biologically active natural products like agrocin 84 [37], phosmidosine [38] and microcin C7 [39]. Some biologically potent benzisoxazole and phosphoramidate analogs are outlined in Figure 1.