Organic Chemicals
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Phenols are benzene compounds with hydroxyl groups attached to them. If a single OH group is present in benzene, it is a monocyclic phenol. This substance is also known as carbolic acid and was the antiseptic that Lister used for his antiseptic surgical techniques. It is still used today in most hospitals throughout the world. It is very toxic to tissues and will kill most microorganisms as well as human tissue. Chemically sensitive patients can react to the extremely small amounts used as preservatives in many allergy medications and antigens. Basically, it is degraded through sulfur and glucuronic conjugation systems. These systems are often impaired in the chemically sensitive, thus compromising their health. Thus, the chemically sensitive will exacerbate.
Anti-Cancer Agents from Natural Sources
Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg in Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Phenols are organic compounds that consist of one (or more) hydroxyl groups are directly connected to aromatic caobon (s) by sigma bond. Additionally, many phenolic compounds contain various functional groups e. g. esters and glycosides. There are over 8000 phenolic compounds have been found in nature so far. In plants, phenolics range from simple phenols to very complex structures. This makes them one of the most broadly distributed secondary metabolites which are plant-derived compounds but plants do not use for their regular requirement. Instead, plants use these compounds for protection (defense mechanism) and even for competition for a better survival. Secondary metabolites are classified based on their biosyntheticroutes. In plants, four majors secondary metabolites’ classes are phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, and steroids. Phenolic compounds can differ significantly in size and complexicity. To achieve better stability, phenolics are very often adjoined with esters and glycosides. There are generally two categories of phenolics: simple phenolics and complex phenolic compounds. Simple phenolic compounds consist of benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives. Complex phenolic compounds consist of stilbenes, tannins, lignans, lignins, xanthones, and flavonoids. Because of high abundance and diverse biological activities, flavonoids are discussed as a separate entity (Figure 5.8).
Plant-Based Compounds as Alternative Adjuvant Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Cancer
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Phytomedicine, 2020
These are aromatic compounds with one or more hydroxyl groups that are produced from secondary plant metabolism that provide essential functions in plants growth and reproduction. They are richly found in fruits and vegetables, like cranberry, apple, red grape, pineapple, lemon, spinach, red pepper, carrot, lettuce, cucumber, etc., and are categorized as phenolics acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, coumarins, and tannins. Phenolic compounds act as a defense mechanism for plants to pathogens, predators, parasites, etc. (Kapinova et al. 2018). Researches have shown that regular consumption of fruits rich in phenolics compounds can help improve some chronic disease conditions (Liu 2004). The protective attributes of some phenolics compounds against cancer have been linked to their alterations in various signaling pathways like angiogenesis, cell cycle, and apoptosis (Garvin et al. 2006; Ma et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2013).
Identification of a dual TAOK1 and MAP4K5 inhibitor using a structure-based virtual screening approach
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Min-Wu Chao, Tony Eight Lin, Wei-Chun HuangFu, Chao-Di Chang, Huang-Ju Tu, Liang-Chieh Chen, Shih-Chung Yen, Tzu-Ying Sung, Wei-Jan Huang, Chia-Ron Yang, Shiow-Lin Pan, Kai-Cheng Hsu
Compound 2 forms hydrogen bonds with residues M75, E76 and C78 in MAP4K5 with its S1 sub-structure, pteridine-2,4-diamine (Figure 3(B)). The hinge residue C78 forms a hydrogen bond with the cyclic nitrogen. Residues M75 and E76 form hydrogen bonds with the amino group, which acts as a hydrogen donor for the two residues. Hydrophobic interactions by residues V15, A28, Y77, C78 and A128 sandwich the S1 sub-structure (Figure 3(B)). Attached to the sub-structure S1 are two phenol moieties that form sub-structures S2 and S3 (Figure 3(B)). One phenol group forms a hydrogen bond with residue S9, while the other creates a hydrogen bond with residues K30 and D139. Phenols consist of hydrophobic benzenoid rings. As a result, the two phenol moieties also form hydrophobic interactions with a number of residues, such as V15, L128, and A138 (Figure 3(B)).
Protective effect of Thymus munbyanus aqueous extract against 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Fouzia Trea, Lazhari Tichati, Kheireddine Ouali
In this study, we tested the antioxidant and possibly prophylactic effect of TMAE against 2,4-D-induced renal toxicity for 4 weeks. The results of the phytochemical study showed the presence of phenolic compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. Recent studies have shown that plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family are characterized by a high antioxidant activity related to their phenolic acid and flavonoid contents (Hegazy et al.2018). The antioxidant activity of TMAE was estimated using three different in vitro methods (DPPH, β-carotene bleaching inhibition, and reducing power). Indeed, few studies have been carried out on the evaluation of the antioxidant properties of the aqueous extract of Thymus munbyanus, among others that of Kholkhal et al. (2013) who evaluated the phenolic profile and the antioxidant activity of the hydromethanolic extract of Thymus munbyanus.
Rosa canina Extract has Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects on Human Lung and Prostate Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Kagan Kilinc, Selim Demir, Ibrahim Turan, Ahmet Mentese, Asim Orem, Mehmet Sonmez, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu
Phenolics are an important class of secondary herbal metabolites, and are reported to exhibit strong antioxidant properties. The antioxidant effect of these molecules is attributed to their ability to donate electrons to reactive oxygen species, chelating metal ions, and stimulating antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes (38). Phenolic compounds have been reported to exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, antimutagenic, antiatherosclerotic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects resulting from these properties (39). It has been suggested that the anticancer effect of phenolics may derive from their ability to modulate carcinogen metabolism, regulation of gene expression, induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibition of signal transduction pathways (24, 39, 40). Both our characterization studies and other previous research have shown that R. canina is rich in phenolics, such as ascorbic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, kaempferol, apigenin, quercetin, benzoic acid, and derivatives (26–28). There have been numerous reports of the antiproliferative effects of these phenolics on different cancer cells (34, 35). We therefore think that the apoptotic and antiproliferative activity of extract in A549 and PC-3 cells may derive from its phenolic content.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Acid
- Aromatic Compound
- Chemical Compound
- Functional Group
- Organic Chemistry
- Oxygen
- Polyphenol
- Hydroxy Group
- Hydrogen
- Phenol