Prevention of Microbial Contamination during Manufacturing
Philip A. Geis in Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Peroxy-hydrogen peroxide compounds such as peroxyacetic acid and peracetic acid can be used as sanitizers. Peracetic acid is a mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. When dissolved in water, peracetic acid disintegrates into hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid which will eventually degrade into water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Peracetic acid is considered to be a more potent sanitizer than hydrogen peroxide (75). The advantages of using peroxy-hydrogen peroxide compounds are that they have bactericidal, fungicidal and sporicidal activity, are non-corrosive to stainless steel and aluminum, are tolerant to organic soil and break down into acetic acid and water. The disadvantages are that they are corrosive to soft metals (iron, copper, zinc, brass, galvanized steel, etc.), have a pungent odor and their antimicrobial activity will vary against different fungal species.
Assessment and Examination of the Larynx
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford in Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Cleaning may be manual or mechanical but must remove all visible debris. It is no longer recommended to use gluteraldehyde for chemical high-level disinfection owing to its toxicity38–40 and ability to fix proteins onto the endoscope surfaces, making their subsequent removal more difficult.35 Suitable options for chemical disinfection include electrolyzed saline (Sterilox®); chlorine dioxide (Tristel®); peracetic acid (Steris®, Nucidex®, Perasafe®, Gigasept®). Peracetic acid is irritant to skin and the respiratory system.34 Tristel is used by many ENT clinics in the UK.34, 41
Other Reactions from Gloves
Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach in Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Sterilization with hydrogen peroxide vapor (V-PRO), a cold sterilization process, is an alternative to ETO sterilization that has gained popularity. This process uses hydrogen peroxide vapor to penetrate the target and sterilize exposed surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide sterilization has cycle times that typically last less than an hour and is very safe; these sterilization systems are self-contained and only produce water and oxygen as byproducts.124,125 Vaporized peracetic acid sterilization is another cold sterilization process that uses reactive molecules found in the vapor phase between acetic acid and peracetic acid to denature proteins, disrupt cell wall permeability, and oxidize sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds. This type of sterilization is typically used for medical devices and ideal for stainless steel and many polymers. Residues of vaporized peracetic acid sterilization include acetic acid, peracetic acid, water, and oxygen, which have low concerns for toxicity.113,125 Though no skin reactions have been reported due to residual peracetic acid or acetic acid from vaporized peracetic acid sterilization or residual hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen peroxide vapor sterilization, these corrosive chemicals have the potential to cause skin irritation or type I hypersensitivity reactions126 if remaining after sterilization. These reactions could occur due to penetration of the chemicals through the gloves with direct contact of materials sterilized or through sterilization of gloves themselves. Ozone sterilization, which is safe and cost effective and does not leave a residue like ETO, may replace hospital use of ETO in the future but remains less commonly used.127
Protocol with non-toxic chemicals to control biofilm in dental unit waterlines: physical, chemical, mechanical and biological perspective
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Rachel Maciel Monteiro, Viviane de Cassia Oliveira, Rodrigo Galo, Denise de Andrade, Ana Maria Razaboni, Evandro Watanabe
To face the presence of biofilm on dental unit waterlines, different chemical products have been applied in vitro and in situ. Peracetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, chlorine dioxide, silver nanoparticles, sodium percarbonate, hydrogen peroxide and ammonium quaternaries are among the most widely chemical products used (Gawande et al. 2008; Patel et al. 2016; Tuvo et al. 2020; Cheng et al. 2021). Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid in the presence of water react releasing carbon dioxide (CO2), which is responsible for the effervescence of the reaction. Different authors have proposed that effervescence release can promote a mechanical action disrupting biofilms and favoring removal of deposits on surfaces (Abelson 1981; Denture cleansers, 1983; Srinivasan and Gulabani 2010). Here, it has been hypothesized that the combined application of NaCl, C6H8O7 and NaHCO3 could expand the anti-biofilm activity of the protocol by increasing the external osmotic pressure and by the generation of effervescence that would cause a mechanical action. The results of the anti-biofilm activity do not support the assumption as the treatment with Product AB or Product A + B + AB did not promote broad elimination or reduce the viability of biofilms.
Microbiological monitoring of ultrapure dialysis fluid in a hemodialysis center in Alexandria, Egypt
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2018
Aleya A. Abbass, Ahmed F. El-Koraie, Walaa A. Hazzah, Eman A. Omran, Mohammed A. Mahgoub
This cross-sectional study was carried out during a 6-months period, on a total of 100 dialysis fluid samples randomly collected from a private HD center in Alexandria, Egypt. The HD unit consists of one water treatment unit and two rooms for HD. In this unit, water passes through a RO filter and a mixed bed DI, and then it is stored in a tank of 1000 Liter capacity. The finally treated water is pumped into two rooms of HD through a system of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes to reach every HD machine. Chlorination is done every month for maintenance of water treatment unit and the bacterial filter (0.2 µm) is substituted every month. The total number of HD machines in both HD rooms is eight machines. The first room is back to back to the water treatment unit and contains three machines. On the other hand, there is a long distance (about 20 m) between the water treatment unit and the second room which contains five machines. Most of the machines were commercial type A, the remaining were type B which is relatively newer version with some technological advances. The dialysate concentrate used in this unit is a sealed sterile capsulated bicarbonate powder along with the complementary solution A for bicarbonate based HD (referred to as A-component). Chemical disinfection of machines is done after every session using 0.2% peracetic acid solution 30 min at room temperature.
Association between low serum prealbumin levels and carpal tunnel syndrome in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Published in Renal Failure, 2020
Nguyen Huu Dung, Nguyen Duc Loc, Dao Bui Quy Quyen, Nguyen Minh Tuan, Pham Ngoc Huy Tuan, Do Quyet, Le Viet Thang
There were 678 patients on prevalent hemodialysis (hemodialysis duration >3 months) who joined in our study at Hemodialysis Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Ha Noi, Viet Nam, as of March 2016. Of these, patients with acute illness, significant infection, malignancy, diagnosed CTS before chronic kidney disease, or used high-flux dialyzer were excluded. The remaining patients, including 373 prevalent hemodialysis patients, provided informed consent prior to participation in our study. The enrolled patients were treated with stable, regular hemodialysis using bicarbonate dialysate. Our dialysis program used a low-flux membrane (Polyflux 14 L) as a standard. Kt/V was calculated according to the formula of Daugirdas [17]. Each dialysis session was between 3.5 and 4.5 h to achieve the target total Kt/V of approximately 1.2 per session for thrice weekly treatments. Dialyzer was reused 6 times in all patients (the procedure is regulated by Vietnam's Ministry of Health) as followings. Reuse of dialyzer is performed by a professional, trained technician. After completing the dialysis session, the dialyzer is immediately transferred to the washing room. The dialyzer is cleaned by hand using RO water for 30 min. Next, the dialyzer is soaked and disinfected with 0.7% Peracetic acid solution and stored in a professional refrigerator at a temperature of 2–8 degrees C. Before use in the dialysis patient, the dialyzer is washed again with RO water for 30 min, and the lack of Peracetic acid in the dialyzer is confirmed using a Peracetic acid 2000 test strip.
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