Inhalational Durg Abuse
Jacob Loke in Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Heroin is the most commonly used narcotic in the United States today (Drug Abuse Warning Network, 1983). Over 2 million Americans have used heroin (Fishburne et al., 1980). Estimates of the number of narcotic addicts vary widely, ranging between 200,000 and 800,000; 500,000 is probably a reasonable estimate (DuPont, 1978). While accurate figures on the total scope of narcotic addiction are difficult to gather, the increasing rate is clear. The number of reported deaths by heroin overdose increased from 474 to 771 from 1979 to 1982 (Drug Abuse Warning Network, 1983). Intravenous injection is the most prevalent route of administration, since this produces the most rapid and intense effects. Other routes of administration include subcutaneous (“skin popping”) (Hirsch, 1972), nasal inhalation, and oral ingestion. These alternative routes are particularly prevalent among female addicts (Helpern, 1972), and increasingly popular with the growing awareness of the transmission of AIDS among intravenous abusers. Opium and heroin smoking, while present and prevalent in Asia, is quite rare in the United States.
The Protocol and Case Report Form
Gary M. Matoren in The Clinical Research Process in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2020
(1) Data elements. The following are data elements involved in test drugs and dosages: (a) test agent name; (b) time units (days, hours, minutes; days and hours; days or date alone); (e) time ranges of the above; (d) frequency of dosing or dosage number; (e) route of administration—oral, intravenous (rapid or bolus), infusion (prolonged or continuous), intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, or topical; (f) dosage form (tablets, capsules,ointments, salves, creams, solutions, suspensions); (g) unit of measurement (expressed as milligrams, milliliters, drops, tablespoons, grams, milligrams/kilograms or volume); (h) unit dose—quantity of drug administered to a patient at one time; (i) drug containers (bottles, vials, ampules, envelopes, tubes, jars).
Pneumocystis carinii
Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta in Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
TMP-SMX is administered orally or intravenously in a dose of 20 mg/kg per day TMP and 100 mg/kg per day SMX in four divided doses for 14 days in non-AIDS patients. The parenteral route is preferred in patients who are acutely ill or who have gastrointestinal problems that may interfere with absorption of the drug. Adjustments in dose should be made according to serum concentrations; optimal levels of TMP are 3-5 μg/ml in children and ⩾5 μg/ml in adults, and those for SMX are 100-150 μg/ml (428,429). In general, sulfonamide levels are more widely available than TMP levels in hospital laboratories. It is not uncommon that the dosage of TMP-SMX can be reduced downward following this procedure. The fact that TMP-SMX is well tolerated has made it the treatment of choice for pneumocystosis in non-AIDS patients. Adverse reactions occur in about 10-15% of patients and usually consist of mild gastrointestinal complaints or skin rash. More serious problems (e.g., hematological or hepatic toxicity) are uncommon.
Role of nanotechnology in the prolonged release of drugs by the subcutaneous route
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
The parenteral route of administration can be subdivided into three primary modalities: intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), and subcutaneous (SC), and is the most commonly used route for drugs when per os administration is not available. This route of administration has many advantages, including first-pass metabolism effect avoidance, high bioavailability, and reliable pharmaceutical dosage forms [1]. It can be the preferred route in emergencies or for noncooperative patients; however, not all parenteral routes provide the same onset of action, as the IV route provides direct access to the systemic circulation. In contrast, the IM and SC routes can promote slow drug release based on their anatomy and physiology [1]. Nevertheless, as SC tissue has fewer blood vessels than muscle tissue compared with the IM route, it can provide a better prolonged effect on drug release [2].
A review of bridging clinical studies between different presentations of biological products approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA)
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Ronak Patel, Pravin Ghadge, Pravin A. Nair, Manish Kumar, Laxmi Adhikary
There is a growing interest in the development of biological products for the treatment of various chronic disease conditions [1]. Biological products have high molecular weight, which limits permeability through the gastrointestinal membrane, and they are also prone to gastrointestinal degradation [2]. Hence, they are administered by parenteral routes such as intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), and intramuscular (IM). The IV route provides immediate delivery of the drug into systemic circulation eliciting rapid onset of action. It is suitable for delivery of drugs requiring a large dose, immediate absorption, and high systemic concentration [3]. However, IV injections have to be administered by a healthcare professional (HCP) and require a patient’s visit to a healthcare facility, which adds to the cost of patient care [3]. The SC route provides the flexibility of administering the drug by patient or caregiver, thereby, increasing convenience, patient compliance, and treatment outcome for chronic diseases [3]. Hence, there is increasing interest in the development of formulations of biological products for SC delivery to bring patient convenience. However, the SC route has a limitation with volume of up to 2 mL per injection, which requires the development of formulations to accommodate the therapeutic dose in this volume with acceptable viscosity and stability [3–5].
Intranasal drug delivery of sumatriptan succinate-loaded polymeric solid lipid nanoparticles for brain targeting
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Rakesh Kumar Yadav, Kamal Shah, Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
Anti-migraine medications delivered intranasally have various advantages over those delivered orally, by injection, or through the rectal route. The extremely vascular mucous membranes of the nose absorb drugs delivered intranasal, allowing for rapid administration of un-metabolized drugs to the central nervous system [3]. The medicine is normally taken orally or by a parenteral route. However, it has very serious gastrointestinal adverse effects, especially when used orally. Another disadvantage of the parenteral route is the restriction of self-administration, which renders this method unsuitable for some persons. As a result, designing a noninvasive sumatriptan delivery technique is essential [4]. Following administration to the root of the nasal cavity, drugs can be delivered to the central nervous system via nose-to-brain delivery. Because drugs reach to the brain directly from the nasal cavity, they can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [5].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Drug Delivery
- Enteral Administration
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Toxicology
- Pharmacology
- Medication
- Oral Administration
- Intravenous Therapy
- Topical Medication
- Dosage Form