Fat
Geoffrey P. Webb in Nutrition, 2019
Soya oil and sunflower oil are two vegetable oils that are typical of many vegetable oils in that they are low in saturates and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. In most vegetable oils, the n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids predominate. Olive oil and rapeseed (canola) oil are the most widely eaten examples of fats that are particularly high in monounsaturates and low in saturates. Rapeseed oil also has a relatively high proportion of n3 polyunsaturated acids. The composition of the two tropical oils shown in Table 12.1 (coconut and palm oil) shows that there are exceptions to the general observation that vegetable oils are low in saturates and high in unsaturated fatty acids. On the simple basis of the proportions of the three main types of fatty acids, palm oil is quite similar in its make-up to lard. Coconut oil contains a particularly high proportion (around 78%) of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (less than 16 carbons) that make up only a small proportion of the fatty acids in most fats, and its advocates suggest that this makes its effects on plasma cholesterol less deleterious. Palmitic acid (16:0) is the dominant saturated fatty acid in most types of fat.
Nutrition for health and sports performance
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
Fatty acids exist in saturated and unsaturated forms. Figure 2.11 shows the chemical structure of the saturated fat palmitic acid and the unsaturated fat linolenic acid. Palmitic acid, as the name suggests, is a major component of palm oil and coconut oil. It is one of the most common saturated fats found in plants and animals. Linolenic acid, or more correctly α-linolenic acid, is found in seed oils such as rapeseed, soybeans, flaxseed and kiwifruit seeds. Research indicates that consumption of α-linolenic acid is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. The saturation of a fatty acid refers to the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain. Carbon makes four covalent bonds to share electrons. In a saturated fat the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms, such that each carbon atom is attached to its neighbouring carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms. It cannot hold any more hydrogen atoms and remain attached to the fatty acid chain, and is therefore a saturated fatty acid. In an unsaturated fatty acid one or more of the carbon atoms makes a double bond with a neighbouring carbon atom. This means that while the double carbon-bonded atoms maintain four covalent bonds for chemical stability it remains unsaturated with hydrogen atoms. In the example shown, α-linolenic acid has three unsaturated carbon atoms.
Different Dietary Approaches
Ruth Chambers, Paula Stather in Tackling Obesity and Overweight Matters in Health and Social Care, 2022
Many diets emphasise a reduction in fat intake, which automatically reduces caloric intake, as fat is particularly high in calories. Fatty acids are a major component of healthy diets. Common saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and mysristic acid are found in animal products including dairy, red meat, egg, coconut and palm oils and chocolate. Trans fatty acids such as vaccenic acid (natural) and elaidic acid (industrial) are the most common types of trans fatty acids in people’s diet. The most common source of omega-6 fatty acid is linoleic acid, derived from plant oils, whole grains, nuts and seeds. Evidence suggests that a diet with a high amount of omega fatty acids, a low amount of saturated fatty acids and nil or a low amount of trans fatty acids might improve health outcomes and increase longevity.3
Deciphering metabonomics biomarkers-targets interactions for psoriasis vulgaris by network pharmacology
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2018
Jiangyong Gu, Li Li, Dongmei Wang, Wei Zhu, Ling Han, Ruizhi Zhao, Xiaojie Xu, Chuanjian Lu
Most biomarkers were long-chain fatty acids or glycerophospholipids, which implicated that the metabolic disorder of lipids was an important pathogenesis of psoriasis. Dyslipidaemia is one of comorbidities in psoriatic patients [39]. In our previous work, 29 lipids out of 44 MBs for psoriasis were identified [15]. These lipid biomarkers were involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, phospholipid biosynthesis and sphingolipid metabolism. Palmitic acid (HMDB00220) was one of the most common saturated fatty acids. Sphinganine (HMDB00269) can inhibit low-density lipoprotein-induced esterification of cholesterol and its level in the lesional epidermis was highly significant positive correlated with the Psoriasis Area Severity Index score [40]. Therefore, the lipid compounds could be the diagnostic index for psoriasis.
Fatty acid metabolism in the host and commensal bacteria for the control of intestinal immune responses and diseases
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Koji Hosomi, Hiroshi Kiyono, Jun Kunisawa
Fatty acids containing carbon chains of 16 or more are generally referred to as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are divided into saturated fatty acids, which have no double bonds in their carbon chains, and unsaturated fatty acids, which have double bonds. Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid found in our body and is provided from endogenous synthesis and diet.20 As the name indicates, palmitic acid is contained in palm oil, but it is also found in meat, dairy products, breast milk, and other sources. Palmitic acid occurs in membrane phospholipids and adipose triacylglycerols and has multiple fundamental biological functions at the cellular and tissue levels. Therefore, disruption of palmitic acid homeostasis leads to several pathophysiological consequences, including tumor growth, metabolic disorder, and inflammation.20
RAGE receptor targeted bioconjuguate lipid nanoparticles of diallyl disulfide for improved apoptotic activity in triple negative breast cancer: in vitro studies
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Venkata Talluri Siddhartha, Sai Kiran S. S. Pindiprolu, Pavan Kumar Chintamaneni, Shashank Tummala, S. Nandha Kumar
DADS and RAGE antibody were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, India. Palmitic acid was obtained from SD-Fine chemicals limited, Mumbai, India. Acetonitrile used was HPLC grade purchased from Merck, India. Sulforhodamine B (SRB), Poloxamer 188 (F68), Sodium dodecyl sulphate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Bangalore, India. 1-ethyl-3–(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 98%) was purchased Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, India. AnnexinV-FITC and propidium iodide were procured from Biolegend Europe BV, Netherlands. ER-Tracker™ Green was purchased from Imperial Life Sciences (P) Ltd, Gurgaon, India. Annexin V, Propidium Iodide (PI), Nile red and DAPI (4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride) from Thermo Fisher Scientific India Pvt Ltd., Bangalore, India.
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